生物遺傳資源歸屬之國際規範分析

Who Owns the Biological and Genetic Resources: Analysis on International and National Regulations

劉憶成

《科技法律透析》 19卷6期 (2007/06) Pp. 17-39

https://doi.org/10.7062/STLR.200706.0017

摘要

觀察人類演進發展的軌跡，多樣性的生物資源，不但供應了人類生存所需，更帶來極大的商業價值與利益，正因利之所趨，晚近許多跨國性生物科技公司或藥廠，紛紛投入對遺傳資源之探勘、研發並加以商品化，由此也引起生物技術先進國家與生物技術落後國家的對立，其中有關生物資源權利歸屬更成爲各方關注的議題，其中最根本的問題在於，是否可以人類共同遺產視之，而供全人類自由利用，抑或基於主權的觀念，歸屬於國家？爲了對此問題作進一步的認識，本文以生物與遺傳資源的定義與範圍爲始，次討論生物與遺傳資源主權問題與相關配合措施，再藉由觀察全球性與區域性國際條約及生物多樣性豐富國家的立法，來檢視我國法規現況，另我國農委會亦於2005年委託學者研擬「遺傳資源法草案」，本文也將納入討論。

關鍵字

生物資源 ； 遺傳資源 ； 主權 ； 生物多樣性公約 ； 利益分享

並列摘要

In the long history of human society, a lot of biological resources have been used and needed for people's living in their daily life, and the resources are considered to contain uncountable benefits. In order to get the benefits, a lot of international biological corporations or pharmaceutical companies have begun to explore the biological and genetic resources in several countries which own plentiful organisms. Furthermore, they have done a lot of research about the resources, and tried to develop new products and commercialized them to markets. What the corporations and companies have done arouses a fundamental issue, ”who owns the resources?” To find out the answers and clarify the issues this article will focus on following points: the definition of the biological and genetic resources, the concept of sovereign right's affection to the resources in international and regional treaties, and Taiwanese government's present measures of the resources as well as its reflection to the treaties.

並列關鍵字

biological resources ； genetic resources ； biological diversity ； sovereign right and benefits share system