日治時代部落振興運動的社區精神

The Community Spirit of the Movement for the General Spiritual Mobilization in the Japanese Era

許淑娟(Shu-Chuan Hsu)

《環境與世界》 8期 (2003/12) Pp. 25-54

https://doi.org/10.6304/EAW.2003.8.2

摘要

自從社區總體營造活動成為近年來台灣經營社區的新理念之後，重視地方、回歸本土，變成一股新風潮。但在學術、政府或民間團體投入營造工程之後，發現社區營造有不少困境。社區一詞，定義甚多，筆者認為以地理學的觀點來看，社區的精神，是特定空間內社會關係網絡的建立。從經營地方的角度而言，台灣在日治時代末期，曾有一波社會教化運動在全島如火如荼的展開，該運動就是部落振興會的成立與運作。部落振興運動的前身，起於民間為了改善社會陋習所組的『同風會』教化團體，因受到總督府肯定，繼而鼓勵各地成立同風會，在昭和11年（1936）間的民風作興運動風潮下，又藉助保甲制度體系，要各地方成立部落振興會等教化團體，使得振興會成為行政組織的末端。所以該運動就是以保甲制度的空間、行政機制為基礎，在推展皇民精神前提下，逐漸展開的公民教化運動與部落經營。這種對人與地的同時教化，無形中就是在重塑社會與地方。本文以關廟田中央共勵會的實施內容為例，呈現教化推行的整體事務，如何提供當時地方社群彼此接觸的機會，分析各種事務的操作結果，如何改變地方與社會。這個運動的操作內容，是在進行一種改造社會和地方的作為，相當具有『社會即空間，空間即社會』的區域塑造內涵。雖說部落振興運動的精神認同，是以作為日本國民為目標，操作過程依賴保甲制度的輔助，其本質不脫由上而下的推動，百姓並非自動自發朝向進步社會發展，但以其掌握保甲空間作為有效的運作機制，進行人與地的同時振興，其實就是營造一個環境，可以說就是一個建立社區精神的作法。

關鍵字

部落振興會 ； 社區精神 ； 保甲 ； 部落

並列摘要

From local manage point of view, the Movement for the General Spiritual Mobilization in the Japanese era possessed the form of making the community spirit. The forerunner of The Movement for the General Spiritual Mobilization was a social educational organization—tong feng hui, it's aim was to improve traditional habits. Being the promoting aim encouraged by Taiwan zong du fu, many tong feng hui were set up. In 1936, the Movement for the General Spiritual Mobilization was tied with baojia administration under The Movement to Remake Folk Customs. The General Spiritual Mobilization units become the basic administrational organization. The baojia administration had the boundaries, it was managed by the police. The baojia which was designed followed the important geographical space. And all the members of the buluohui must obey the baojia ruler at the same time. It was fixed and serious manage system. The Movement used the baojia spatial system extended in Taiwan.
The Movement for the General Spiritual Mobilization was to promote the Japanese consciousness of Taiwanese, to improve the customs, to establish an ideal tribal. So every tribal should set up a development spiritual association(振興會)and drew up a proposal about improving education、traffic business、health、 public security、production、cultivate affaires. The development association needed connect other cultural groups to improve place. This paper uses the improving proposal which was set up by one of the excellent tribal—kuan miao tien-chung-yang (關廟田中央共勵會) to express these activity own the form of the community spirit. These activity included people mind promote, place advanced, individuals co-operate and man-land connected.
Although Taiwanese were not like the activity of the baojia or the Movement, the baojia system supervised members of the buluohu. Those villagers should follower the rulers of the buluohu during the movement, the behavior more or less changed gradually, the construction of the buluohu finished. Dependent on the spatial society –space and the connect man-land relationship's proposal, the Movement for the General Spiritual Mobilization in the Japanese era did affect the place society, the methods of the Movement had the manage community spirit form. It’s a pity that the baojia was a compulsory system and it was used by indoctrinating to be the Japanese.

並列關鍵字

the Movement for the General Spiritual Mobilization ； community spirit ； baojia ； buluohu