營業自由與鄰人保護

現代生活中的個人須賴特定營業活動，以滿足其日常需求，惟營業活動中可能產生嫌惡後果，法律適用自須保護其生活安寧。為梳理營業活動與相鄰人在行政法上關係，本文先從保護規範理論出發，以探究相鄰人之主觀公權利。在應用保護規範理論時，地方在都市計畫中使用分區之劃定權，有落實建築法許可之前提意義。再次第探究相鄰人在程序上、實體上之保護請求權與如何實踐權利保護等三要點。就程序面而言，現行相關法律之規定與解釋對相鄰人保護實屬有限。就實體法上以觀，作者提出一般性與局部性鄰人保護，前者為直接賦予相鄰人有保護請求權；後者為環保基準與「不可忍受性」作為個案上保護請求權之依據。最末以權利保護來看，撤銷訴訟中似可結合附帶計畫審查制度；課予義務訴訟的落實足以強化對事後性的鄰人保護。

關鍵字

營業自由；鄰人保護；主觀公權利；使用分區；鄰避設施

並列摘要

In our modern lives, individuals rely on specific business activities to fulfill their daily needs; however these business activities could result in undesirable consequences and adequate laws should be used to protect the quality of life. To probe the relationship between business activities and their neighborhood in administrative law, this article starts with the theory standard protection (Schutznormtheorie) and investigates the subjective rights of neighbors. In applying the theory of standard protection, local governments utilize zoning rights during urban planning, which serve as a prerequisite for implementing planning law. Secondly, three important points about neighbors, including their procedural and substantive claim rights protection as well how to practice, are discussed. In the procedural aspect, there is limited protection for neighbors with current regulations and explanations. From the perspective of substantive law, the author proposed general and partial neighborhood protections; the former directly grants neighbors the protection of claim rights, while the later uses environmental protection guidelines and ＂intolerability＂ as references for claim rights protection in cases. Lastly, from the perspective of rights protection, a judicial review may be incorporated in the proceedings of abatement action; administrative action is sufficient to strengthen the protection of neighbors ex post facto.