經濟全球化是當代世界經濟的重要特徵之一,亦是世界經濟發展之重要趨勢,在今日全球化競爭激烈的市場環境中,企業面臨顧客需求高度變化,且產品生命週期日益縮短,而存貨佔據企業大部分之資本額比例,因此企業如何針對存貨進行有效的管理,將是一門重要課題且亦為致勝之關鍵所在。 綜觀台灣近五十年之發展過程可知產業結構不斷變遷,以往以佃農為主的農業經濟,發展至今則是以資訊、電子產業為主的新興工業化經濟體,然而高科技電子產業產品通常具有損耗之特性,若能在全球化市場環境下將損耗性商品行銷至不同地理環境,將能為製造商帶來更多銷售機會,亦能大幅度改善企業的盈利能力,但相對也對生產存貨計劃造成衝擊與挑戰。此外,缺貨的發生現實生活中難以避免,而其將伴隨部分額外成本,甚至產生顧客抱怨與訂單流失等問題,因此在探討存貨模式時,將「損耗性質」與「缺貨欠撥」納入考量有其必要性。 因此本研究針對多市場環境、損耗性商品與缺貨欠撥三大主題來進行研究探討,建構一個多市場需求下之最佳生產存貨模式,以探討製造商在不同時間將損耗性商品銷售至不同市場,並分別採行多次生產與允許缺貨欠撥兩種情況來進行模式推導,最後利用Maple 13.0及Excel 2007等軟體進行運算求解,計算出原物料之最適訂購量以求得最低總成本,再以範例分析來驗證出模式的合理性與可行性,並利用敏感度分析找到影響最佳解的主要參數。研究發現若將多次生產或缺貨欠撥納入模式,皆較未納入之存貨模式有較低之總成本,此一結果可供製造商針對不同環境採取不同之生產存貨策略,以達到企業開源節流、永續經營之目標。
Due to the advent of globalization, enterprises in the supply chain are seeking competitive strategies to survive the extreme competition in the market. Enterprises are facing challenges due to the uncertainty of demands, and short product life cycle (PLC). With this, determining how to effectively manage inventory is very important especially to prevent shortage that results to additional cost, loss of orders, customer complaints, and other issues. For nearly fifty years, Taiwan's economic development and industrial structure have undergone tremendous changes particularly with its rapid improvement in the IT and electronic industry. These products such as high-tech electronics are typically characterized as deteriorating items. In this study, to improve the firm’s profitability, enterprises must manage their deteriorating items effectively considering the selling season of geographically dispersed market. Due to the risk of having deteriorating items and facing shortage, it is very important to include these issues in the study. With this, this paper considers three situations such as having a multiple market environment, a deteriorating item and a shortage. This study proposes a production-inventory model of deteriorating items from a manufacturer to multiple-markets with different selling seasons. We consider two cases in the model such as having a multiple production and shortage. The study aims to improve the manufacturer’s profit given the three situations mentioned above. A numerical example and sensitivity analysis are given to validate the model. The results show that considering multiple production and shortage in the model provides lower total cost to the manufacturer. This provides managerial insights for the manufacturer to increase its profit and to reduce its cost through utilizing different production strategies when facing different situations such as having multiple markets, deteriorating items and shortage. With these results, it is illustrated in the study that considering shortage and multiple productions in a deteriorating production-inventory model is important.