禪宗「見性」思想的發展與定型

The Doctrine of ＂Seeing the Nature and thus to become a Buddha＂ in Ch'an- A Study of its Development and Formulation

冉雲華(Yun-Hua Jan)

《中華佛學學報》 8期 (1995/07) Pp. 57-71

https://doi.org/10.6986/CHBJ.199507.0057

摘要

「教外別傳，不立文字，直指人心，見性成佛」是中國禪宗的口號，也是禪宗的特色，而「見性成佛」更是禪宗所倡導的宗教修道目標。可是此種說法，是否真的是「東土初祖菩提達摩」所傳的「心法」，尚未見有專題研究。本文從歷史文獻中，證明「見性」之說，存於禪宗記錄者，首為《楞伽師資記．道信傳》。這一思想到了荷澤神會的語錄中，成為爭論的題目。西元800年前後一度成為熱門話題，諸家並起，各闡「見性」。到了五代時期，才有達摩傳佈「見性」思想，作為諸種說法之一。及至宋代，契嵩汰除各派禪師的「見性」理論，將此概念定為達摩真傳，別者皆非「正宗」，刪除不論。「公案」的編者，更進一步，將此「見性」列入禪宗標準教旨，從而排入四句口號，定型為禪宗特有的「心法」。

並列摘要

According to the history of Ch'an Buddhism compiled from the 12th century AD. and thereafter, the doctrine of ＂Seeing the Nature and to become a Buddha＂ was transmitted directly by the first patriarch of Ch' an Buddhism, Bodhidharma himself. However, this study finds that phrase of ＂Seeing the Nature＂ was first appeared in a Ch'an Buddhist document compiled in the early years of the 8th century AD., then developed into a hot topic by Shen-hui ( 648 - 758) and other Ch'an masters arround 800 AD. It was not until the 10th century, that the doctrine began to be associated with Bodhidharma though he was still regarded as one of the discussants. During the subsequent two centuries, Ch'an Buddhism became more dominant in Chinese religious life, some leading Ch'an historians and / or masters have rewritten their history, ascribed this teaching exclusively to the First Patriarch, and formulated the phrase ＂Seeing the Nature＂ into the four standard lines as ＂Transmitted outside the teaching tradition, not establish written doctrine, pointing to the Mnd directly, seeing the Nature thus to become a Buddha.＂ Thereafter, this attribution of the doctrine to Bodhidharma and formulation of the four standard phrases became the orthodox teaching in Ch'an Buddhism.

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