生產條件與生存權－中國人權史研究之三

Conditions of Production and the Right of Survival

毛漢光(Han-Kuang Mao)

《國立政治大學歷史學報》 17期 (2000/05) Pp. 1-56

摘要

一、中國領域內的先民在大自然格局的規範下，無論是生活型態或居住環境，都必須不斷的選擇與改良以求生存。二、各種生產型態如狩獵（漁獵）、游牧（畜牧）、農耕等都以增加生產力為目標，或作型態內部之提升，或作型態間的轉移。擁有多元生產型態的民族，較有機會獲得較大的生存空間，同時也容易與其他生產型態的民族相融合，如歷史上的東胡民族，魏晉南北朝時期的鮮卑族及拓拔王朝，兩宋的遼金，以及清朝滿族等；而生產型態差異最大的游牧與農業，則只見衝突，難形成融合。因此，生產型態不僅影響生存權，也是民族最後是否融合的主要因素。三、生產技術是在環境的大格局中，改進生存條件最重要的因素，鐵器的使用、牛耕、水利灌溉、品種之培養與傳播、旱田、梯田、圍湖、圩回之推廣等生產技術的改進，在二千年未擴充領土的中國境內，不斷提昇農業生產而將農業生產型態的功能發揮到極點，養活了很多人；至清朝中葉以降，終因趕不上人口增加，而使畝生產量及人民生活品質遞減。四、人、環境選擇、生產型態與技術對生產力都有交互影響的作用，中國先民們在歷史上遭遇生存問題時，都得在這幾個重要因素內謀求改進與轉型，企求在這幾個因素間取得基本的均衡。

關鍵字

中國 ； 生存權 ； 游牧 ； 農業 ； 生產型態 ； 生產技術 ； 生產力

並列摘要

In order to survive, ancient Chinese made their choices and improvements in terms of the way of living and the location of dwelling under the natural environment .In ancient China, each mode of production, whether hunting, fishing, pasturing, or farming, was aimed at improving productivity. To achieve this goal, people transformed one mode of production to another or just made improvement within it. For example, Tong-hu, people with multi-mode of production had opportunities to obtain larger area to live. Meanwhile, people could easily melt with other people, such as Hsien-pei of Wei-Chin Nan-Pei Chao and To-Pa Kingdom, Liao-Jin of Sungs, and Man of Ching Dynasty, who used different mode of production. There was a big difference between pasturing and farming that caused peoples that used these two modes conflict rather melting. The mode of production had effect on the right of survival. It was the major factor to determine whether people could melt or not. Under the natural environment, the most important factor to improve living condition was the skill of production. The Chinese territory has had not expanded during the past two thousand years, but the usage of iron instruments, cattle farming, irrigation, the expansion of dry land, terraced fields, and embanked fields has maximized agricultural production had fed numerous people. Since the middle of Ching Dynasty, agricultural production has not caught with the growth of population. The volume of production in terms of acre has decreased and the quality of people’s life, declined. Such factors as people, choice of environment, mode of production, and technology interacted with each other and then had an impact on productivity. When ancient Chinese encountered difficulty to survive, they tried to improve and make changes aiming at balancing these important factors.

並列關鍵字

China ； right to survive ； nomad ； agriculture ； mode of production ； skill of production productivity