While there are studies that investigate the effects of safety culture or safety climate in job sites on safety performance, there are no existing studies that examine the effects of leadership behaviors and safety culture on construction safety performance. In this study, related literature was referred for the development of rating scales, and expert interviews were conducted. Fifty-four factors were extracted from 72 initial factors in question items and underwent first exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and then confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Finally, a structural equation model (SEM) was created to measure the interactions between the three dimensions and the relationships between key factors in these dimensions. Analytical results show that both consideration and initiating structure leaderships have significant positive direct effects on safety culture. Regarding influential effects, both consideration and initiating structure leaderships can have impacts on proactive and passive performance via safety culture. This study also finds that initiating structure leadership has greater positive effects on safety culture, which also has an influence on construction safety performance. How to build a safety culture through consideration leadership to affect a safety management system is an important issue for Taiwan's construction industry.