高齡者休閒經驗對智慧形成之歷程分析研究

A Study on Wisdom Transformation from the Leisure Experiences of the Elderly

侯佳惠(Chia-Hui Hou)

指導教授 ： 張仁家

國立臺北科技大學/人文與社會科學學院/技術及職業教育研究所/博士(2010年)

https://doi.org/10.6841/NTUT.2010.00610

摘要

智慧是個體生命與社會文化的最終境界，在高齡者的生命階段中因著閒暇時間增加，休閒成為其生活的重要部份，也因著高齡者如實連續開展的豐富休閒經驗，在個體與社會中穿梭遞變，結晶成長者的經驗智慧，在其老化過程中轉化為負載和活躍的力量。
本研究目的為探討高齡者的智慧觀及智慧表現，分析歸納高齡者休閒經驗與智慧間的關係，進而理解休閒經驗對智慧形成的歷程，並據此建立高齡者促進智慧轉化之模式，提供高齡休閒相關領域之實務工作者參考。為達本研究目的，採量化問卷調查，探討高齡者的智慧觀及智慧表現情形，回收有效問卷計224份，達86%回收率，資料分析採t檢定及單因子變異數分析，了解不同社會人口背景變項之高齡者差異情形，在開放性問卷部份，請受試者就其觀點推薦及描述智慧者的特質及智慧之處，歸納智慧觀並進一步納入深度訪談研究之參考。此外，採詮釋現象學之質性研究方法，探討休閒經驗對高齡者智慧形成之轉化歷程，透過合目標取樣及滾雪球抽樣，深度訪談十一位年逾55歲的高齡者，型塑出其休閒經驗與智慧的轉化歷程。在資料分析部份採用主題分析法反覆閱讀各項本文資料後歸納意義單元，找出共同主題的重要概念，以回應本研究目的與問題。
研究結果發現高齡者智慧表現於認知情意反思的統整、行動實踐與正面影響三面向中。而不同社會人口變項之高齡者其智慧表現在年齡、職業、工作年資上有顯著差異。另從實證結果歸納出智慧轉化的四步曲，包括：休閒經驗、反思與發展、行動實踐與正面影響。
一、就休閒經驗而言，包含了正向休閒經驗及負向休閒經驗。
二、就反思與發展而言，是認知、情意及反思三層面的統整，也是智慧七要素（信念、能力、自我強度、人格特質、行為特徵、利益平衡及知識）的共融。
三、就行動實踐而言，是選擇、適應及改變的歷程。
四、就正面影響而言，智慧轉化是個體內在轉化及外在成效的最終表現。
最後，根據研究結果對高齡者本身、實務工作者及未來研究提出具體建議。

關鍵字

高齡者 ； 休閒 ； 轉化學習 ； 智慧

並列摘要

The purpose of this study is to first explore what the elderly perceive as wise and how they demonstrate wisdom, then to analyze and generalize the relationship between leisure and their wisdom, and finally identify the process of wisdom transformation brought about by leisure. Through the research, a model of wisdom transformation of the elderly is established, which will serve as reference for both the elderly and the practitioners in gerontological field.
Considering the objectives of the afore-mentioned research, a questionnaire survey was adopted for the first stage of data collection. There were 260 questionnaires issued and 224 valid ones received. The independent t-test and one-way ANOVA were conducted to identify the differences among demographic variables of the elderly. With open-ended questions, the questionnaire asked the subjects to recommend and elaborate on, according to their respective viewpoints, the characteristics of a wise person and why those characteristics look wise to them. The information collected at this stage not only gives us an idea of the concept on wisdom but also helped us select interviewers for an ensuing in-depth interview.
The second stage of the study adopted hermeneutic phenomenology to explore the influence of leisure on the wisdom transformation process. By means of target sampling and snowball sampling, 11 elderly over 55 years of age were interviewed in depth to collect their experience of leisure in order to formulate the process of wisdom transformation. A thematic analysis of hermeneutic phenomenology was then used to analyze the data.
According to the research results, the elderly display wisdom through a combination of cognition, affection, inflection, and both of embodiment and positive effects. The ways of displaying wisdom varies significantly depending on age, profession, and seniority. The wisdom transformation process induced from the empirical data contains four stages, namely the leisure experiences, reflection and development, embodiment, and positive effects.
1.Leisure experiences consist of positive and negative experiences.
2.Reflection and development is a combination of cognition, affection, and reflection. They are also an integration of the seven major factors of wisdom, i.e., belief, ability, ego strength, personality, behavior, the balance within, and knowledge.
3.The embodiment was the process of selection, adaptation, and shaping.
4.As for the positive effects, wisdom transformation was an individual’s ultimate demonstration of internal transformation and external effectiveness.
Based on the conclusion, theoretical and practical suggestions were presented for the reference of future researches as well as the practitioners in related fields.

並列關鍵字

Elderly ； Transformative learning ； Leisure ； Wisdom

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