透過您的圖書館登入
IP:54.234.184.8
  • 學位論文

<<墨子>>書中平等思想之研究

A study of the idea of equality in Mo Tzu's thoughts

指導教授 : 林佳範教授
若您是本文的作者,可授權文章由華藝線上圖書館中協助推廣。

摘要


<<墨子>>書中平等思想之研究 【論文摘要】 本研究旨在探討中國哲人墨子,其思想中之平等精神,以及其對現代公民社會的啟示。研究之範圍,以<<墨子>>原典之內容為主,篇章取<親士>第一至<公輸>第五十。研究方法係以墨子思想中的平等精神與若干位西方哲人思想中的平等精神相互聯結比較,以分析出墨子思想中的平等精神。 本研究針對墨子兼愛思想、經濟思想、政治思想、宗教思想等四個面向的平等精神進行研究分析,所得結論如下: 一、 兼愛是墨子所有平等思想的核心,而兼愛乃上天之志,上天之志欲人平等交互愛利。 二、 就心量的層次來說,兼愛是無差等的愛,但落實在實踐的面向,兼愛仍是一種「近者不親,無務求遠;親戚不附,無務外交」(<修身>篇),一種由近及遠、施由親始的差等之愛。 三、 墨子所主張的平等,並不是一種「數學形式或機械式的平等」,而是一種「同法者必同類,同類者必同法」、「明是非、審治亂、明同異、察名實、處利害、決嫌疑。」的實質平等。 四、 墨子並沒有否認社會階層的存在,但他反對社會階層完全由世襲決定,不可變更,故而提出非命論。 五、 墨子思想中對於「平等」所持的觀點,比較近似於「開放的社會階層體系」(open social stratification system)的平等觀,而不是「封閉的社會階層體系」(closed social stratification system)的平等觀。 六、 墨子基於兼愛理念所欲建構的社會,是一個人人將他人視為平等個體來關懷與尊重的社會,而不是僅在宗法等級的規範之內追求公平的社會。 七、 在經濟生產方面,墨子主張不論上下,應分工從事,「與其勞,獲其實」,藉由生產的價值,獲取應得的份額。 八、 在消費方面,墨子主張節儉致發平等,希望降低貴族階層的生活水準以與民齊。其目的倒不是只著眼於分配上的平等,而是關心社會地位的平等。 九、 在分配方面,墨子主張一種自發性的「有力相勞,有財相分,有道相教」的互助式平等觀。 十、 在政治人才的晉用方面,墨子主張職位向所有人平等開放,使「農與工肆之人」,也得到社會流動的機會。 十一、 有關思想、言論自由的方面,墨子的「尚同」建制,是不符合平等尊重原則的。 十二、 在宗教信仰方面,墨子主張「祀天」是每一個平民百姓都可以做的事。「天」不再是專屬於有權「祀天」者所擁有用以維繫政權的利器。就連「祖先」也可以在新興平民中找到。因此,對於人世間的懲處能力就不再專屬於貴族的「天」與「祖先」,而是屬於所有階層人民的「天」與「祖先」。 十三、 但從美國學者德沃金(Ronald Dworkin)所提出的「寬容的世俗國家」視角出發,墨子的宗教觀強調敬天事鬼的重要性與必要性,很可能使良善的立意成為對不信宗教者不公的歧視與壓迫。 就其現代意義來說,墨子平等互愛的兼愛理想可以應用在醫療照護、企業管理、宗教實踐與教育工作之上。 關鍵字:墨子、平等

關鍵字

墨子 平等

並列摘要


A study of the idea of equality in Mo Tzu's thoughts Abstract The purpose of this study is to survey the idea of equality in the thoughts of Chinese philosopher Mo Tzu and to bring some light on the modern civic society. The main focus of this study is the book Mo Tzu from chapter 1 to 50. The research method of this study is to make a link and comparison in the idea of equality between thoughts of Mo Tzu and several western philosophers. This study is aimed at the idea of equality in Mo Tzu’s thoughts with four dimensions:philanthropy, economy, politics and religion. Some of the results can be summed up as below: 1. Philanthropy is the core concept of all Mo Tzu’s idea of equality, which reflects the will of Heaven. The will of Heaven claims to love everyone and benefit each other. 2. Ideally, philanthropy is the love of no difference but practically, philanthropy is indeed the love of difference. 3. The idea of equality that Mo Tzu held is not a formal but a substantial one. 4. Mo Tzu didn’t deny the existence of social stratum but he opposed that the social stratum was sorely based by descent and might not be changed, so he proposed the theory of Anti-Fatalism. 5. The view Mo Tzu towards equality was akin to the perspective of an open social stratification system, rather than one in a closed social stratification system. 6. Mo Tzu would like to build a society based on philanthropy in which everyone would treat each one as an equal, rather than on patriarchal clan system where one could only pursue a restrictive fairness. 7. Regarding production, Mo Tzu advocated that everyone has to participate in productive activities, and then share the portion of his contribution. 8. Regarding consumption, Mo Tzu believed that thrifty might result in equality. He hoped to lower the living standard of the nobility for being the same living standard with the common people. The main idea was not to focus on the equality of economic distribution but that of social status. 9. Regarding distribution, Mo Tzu advocated a reciprocal equality system in which everyone would be willing to help, benefit and teach each other. 10. Regarding the promotion of political participation, Mo Tzu advocated that all political positions were equally opened to everyone so that farmers and labors alike might have the equal opportunities of social mobility. 11. For the freedom of thoughts and debating, the political system of “selfsame” values constructed by Mo Tzu would not comply with the principle of equal respect. 12. With regard to religious belief, Mo Tzu advocated that people have an equal right to attend Heaven worship and people may feast their own ancestors equally. 13. From the view of “tolerant secular state” proposed by Ronald Dworkin, the insistence on the importance and necessity of religious belief by Mo Tzu’s good intention might bring discrimination and oppression over those without religion. The ideal of “love each other with no difference” advocated by Mo Tzu may provide modern meanings for us in various dimensions just like medical care, business administration, religious practice and Education.

並列關鍵字

Mo Tzu Equality

參考文獻


陸品妃,<「不平等」的平等>,<<政治與社會哲學評論>>,第十九期,2006年,
王文政,<墨子的尚同思想>,收錄於<<輔大中研所學刊>>第十三期,1997年,pp.63~78。
林玫玲,<<先秦哲學的命論思想>>,台北:文津出版社,2007年。
蕭宏恩,<「仁」與「兼愛」作為醫護倫理之內涵初探>,<<哲學與文化>>,第三十二卷第八期,2005年,pp.33~49。
黃文聰,<墨家法思想之研究-與Aquinas自然法之比較>,政治大學法律學研究

延伸閱讀