政治獻金是支持者對於與自己有相同政治理想的候選人,捐獻金錢作為支持,以求助其當選並進而實現自己的政治抱負;賄賂則是行賄者欲以金錢或其他不正利益,作為交換公務員實施職務上之行為或違背職務之行為的代價,因此就「有所請託而支付金錢」此點,兩者有其本質上的相似之處,因而成為近年來賄賂罪的被告最常提出的抗辯事由。為使政治獻金的立法本意不至於因為動輒被認定成立賄賂罪而消磨殆盡,在認定政治獻金與職務上行為間的對價關係應該建立起一套更為細緻的認定標準;另一方面,我國的政治獻金法既已於2004年3月24日公布施行,實務審理上應可連結政治獻金法的相關規定來檢視被告所提出有關政治獻金的抗辯是否屬實,並作為輔助認定對價關係的參考標準。 本文主要以如何合理區別賄賂與政治獻金為研究對象,將分成六章進行討論:第一章為緒論,闡述本文的研究動機、研究目的、研究方法與研究範圍。第二章為政治獻金法之概述,希望能藉由對於政治獻金法立法沿革之介紹,了解我國當初立法的時空背景、對於政治獻金及其收受對象之定義,以及政治獻金與賄賂罪間極其相似卻又亟待區別的需求。第三章則以我國現行實務上對於賄賂與政治獻金的區別標準-對價關係為探討對象,先介紹學理與實務對於賄賂罪對價關係之說明,之後列舉實務判決為例,呈現實務上如何利用對價關係來區別賄賂與政治獻金。 第四章則為外國法制的介紹與探討。本文擬以對於政治獻金法制的相關立法起步較早的美國、日本為對象,援引外國的實務判決以及學者的論述,探討外國法制在遇到此一問題時是以如何的見解去區別賄賂與政治獻金。第五章則希望透過在前章對於外國法制的介紹與探討,吸取兩國法制的經驗後,並結合我國政治獻金法的相關規定,提出可資參考的區別標準,接著嚐試以此標準重新涵攝第三章所舉發生於我國實務上的爭議案例,藉此檢視該標準在我國實際運用上的可行性以及與我國實務判決認定的結果有無歧異,以作為實務將來在遇到相類案例時處理上的參考。第六章則為結論與建議,就前述章節所為的研究成果做出總結,並對於我國實務上對於賄賂與政治獻金的區別標準提出實質建議,作為將來在立法時區別兩者之參考。
Supporters donate financial supports to the candidates having the same political ambitions supports called campaign contributions, so that they can help them win elections and achieve their ambitions. Bribes are money or improper benefits a briber gives a public official in return for an official act or a breach of his official duties. We can find that they are similar in essence in ‘‘giving money as a payoff for something’’, so it is why so many defendants of bribery in recent years use ‘‘campaign contributions ’’ in defense of their behaviors. To ensure the legislative purpose of the Political Donations Act from bribery, we should establish delicate criteria to distinguish a campaign contribution from a bribe. On the other hand, the Political Donations Act is promulgated on 31 March 2004. The court should apply some relevant provisions of the Political Donations Act to examine the defense of campaign contributions is true or false, being a reference to identify the quid pro quo. The main purpose of this thesis is how to distinguish a campaign contribution from a bribe reasonably as following: chapter I expounds the research motivation, purpose, methods and scope. Chapter II makes the introductions to the Political Donations Act, in the hope that through the introductions we can understand the legislative history, the definition of a campaign contribution and its receiver, the similarity between a campaign contribution and a bribe and the need of how to distinguish them. Chapter III analyzes how the opinions of practices and discussions of doctrine define the quid pro quo, citing judgments for example to show how the opinions of practices apply the quid pro quo to the distinction between a campaign contribution and a bribe. Chapter IV makes the introductions to foreign laws. This thesis tries to understand how foreign laws distinguish a campaign contribution from a bribe by researching into opinions of practices and discussions of doctrine of American law and Japan law. In the hope that through the introductions in Chapter IV, Chapter V would like to link the provisions of the Political Donations Act and the experiences of foreign laws, establishing criteria to distinguish a campaign contribution from a bribe. Then this thesis will apply the criteria to the disputed cases mentioned above in Chapter III, showing the feasibility of the criteria and comparing the difference. Chapter VI makes a conclusion, providing advices to the opinions of practices.