異質旅次在不同時段的道路擁擠定價

近年來大都市的交通擁擠情況均非常嚴重，造成道路使用者更高的使用成本，所以許多城市已開始利用課徵擁擠稅的方式，將擁擠所造成的外部成本內部化，以減少車流與擁擠的情況。本研究探討異質性道路使用者（時間價值不同）研究不同旅次時段（尖峰與非尖峰時段）的選擇問題以及政府應課徵的擁擠稅額。研究方法乃是利用二階段賽局，第一階段為政府制定道路使用者之擁擠稅額，第二階段則為異質性使用者經考慮其成本後選擇在何時段出發。本研究利用台灣的案例進行實證，以計算異質性使用者在不同時段進行的旅次量與政府的擁擠稅額。再進行比較靜態模擬分析觀察模型中各參數的變化對車流量、擁擠稅額以及社會福利所造成的影響。研究結果顯示高時間價值使用者因為價格彈性較低，課稅後減少的幅度較小；反之，低時間價值使用者因為價格彈性較大，所以課稅後需求量減少的幅度會比較大。若需求函數中的替代效果增強，則課稅後，低時間價值使用者在兩時段的使用量均降低，在尖峰時段減少的量較多。

關鍵字

二階段賽局；異質性使用者；道路擁擠定價；比較靜態分析

並列摘要

Nowadays, many big cities suffer from the traffic congestion problems. This incurs a higher cost for the road users. To deal with traffic congestion, many cities have levied the congestion tax. And this can internalize the external costs from congestion and lessen the congestion of roads. In this study, there are two kinds of heterogeneous users (high and low value of time) in two different time periods (peak or off-peak time). The selection of time period for commuting and the toll levied by the government are explored. A two-stage game is used for this study. In the first stage, the government determines the congestion toll. In the second stage, the road users choose their timing to commute after considering their trip cost. This approach is applied to the real case in Taiwan for the trips and congestion tax in two periods.Comparative analysis are made to observe the changes on traffic volume, tax level and social welfare under various changes of the parameters. It is shown that high value of time users with the lower price elasticity decrease less when the toll is charged. Conversely, low value of time users with the higher price elasticity decrease much than the former. Moreover, the higher substitution effects in demand function makes low value of time users decrease more in peak period than in non-peak period.

並列關鍵字

Two-stage Game Theory ； Heterogeneous Users ； Congestion Pricing ； Comparative Static Analysis

參考文獻

4.盧宗成 (2011)，「考慮異質使用者與旅行時間感知誤差於動態道路定價下之動態使用者均衡模式」，運輸學刊，23卷4期，頁411-436。

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國際替代計量

異質旅次在不同時段的道路擁擠定價

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