開漳聖王的文化地理詮釋

The Cultural Geography of the Sacred King-Developer of Zhangzhou

潘朝陽(Chao-Yang Pan)

《海洋文化學刊》 9期 (2010/12) Pp. 29-50

https://doi.org/10.29473/OCJ.201012.0002

摘要

在中國大地上存在的眾神譜系，有三種類別，一是天地之神、一是祖先、一是聖賢英雄。其中甚多屬性於聖賢英雄的崇祀。開漳聖王是聖賢英雄類型的神祇崇拜。無論上述哪一類神祇，均在大地上產生明顯的人地關係和空間結構，均屬文化地理的重要課題。中國民間宗教的神祇也具有下述兩個文化意義，一是祂經常是一個族群譬如閩南泉州人、漳州人或粵東閩西客家人的守護神，是他們的聚落的神聖中心；一是祂在大地空間中的移動反映了文化擴散播遷的現象，譬如佛教從印度源生而在東亞發達，就是顯例。筆者依據文化地理的上述三項內容而詮釋開漳聖王陳元光崇祀現象。祂的造神史分成前後兩階段，前一個階段屬於陳元光以歷史人物從中原的光州領導群眾遠徙閩南漳州之武裝拓殖史，這個階段表徵了漢民族由內陸的中心向海洋的邊陲開展的空間動線；後一階段則屬於陳元光成為開漳聖王引領漳州人從大陸渡海而來臺灣的航海拓殖史，這個階段表徵了漢民族從大陸原鄉邁進邊陲海島的文化播遷行動。前後兩階段的開漳聖王造神運動，都呈現兩個含意，一是中華文化的從中心向邊緣的擴散；一是中華文化從大陸性向海洋性的邁進。

關鍵字

文化地理 ； 民間宗教 ； 陳元光 ； 開漳聖王 ； 神聖中心 ； 文化擴散 ； 文化傳播 ； 中心與邊陲性

並列摘要

There are three types of gods in Chinese multi-theist genealogy: the gods of heaven and earth, ancestors, and saints or heros. Chen Yuanguang, the ”Sacred King, Developer of Zhangzhou” belongs to the third category. All three god-types are important cultural-geographic phenomena since they reflect significant spatial structures of human-earth relationships.There are also two ways to understand the gods in Chinese folk-religions. First, they are often the tutelary gods and the sacred centers for certain ethnic groups or communities. Second, their migrations reflect the extension or spreading of certain cultures in an area; the development of Indian-originated Buddhism in East Asia is a significant case in question.This article examines the phenomenon of the worship of Chen Yuanguang from the aspects stated above. The apotheosis of him involved two stages. In the earlier stage, Chen was the leader of an armed colonization from Guangzhou (in the Central Plain) to Zhangzhou in Southern Fujian. This movement shows the migration route of Han people from central inland to the coastal areas. In the second stage, Chen became the ”Sacred King, Developer of Zhangzhou” by leading Zhangzhou's people into colonizing Taiwan. This stage signifies Han people's cultural migration from the continent to the boarder islands. Both stages stand for two aspects of Chinese culture: its extension from center to boarder and its development from continent to the ocean.

並列關鍵字

cultural geography ； folk religions ； Chen Yuanguang ； Sacred King-Developer of Zhangzhou ； sacred center ； cultural diffusion ； cultural transmission ； center and periphery

參考文獻

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