從憲法觀點檢討幼兒教育政策的法律問題

面對社會變遷的幼兒教育，有賴父母、國家以及教保機構相互配合，來幫助幼兒的自我實現。國家不應該只是幼兒教育政策形成及幼兒照顧的旁觀者，國家應該基於憲法第162條的憲法誡命，應該負擔起監督幼兒教保機構的責任，對於監督內容和界限，則需要藉由憲法社會國原則，來落實教育機會均等，以及憲法第21條教育基本權，來幫助幼兒的自我實現。本文基於日前政府宣示將幼兒教育納入國民教育的一環，故藉由憲法第21條教育基本權在幼兒教育的實踐，利用基本權保護法益的建構，嘗試規劃出國家對於教育基本權在主觀權利及客觀法面向的保護法益，以建構保護幼兒身心健全發展和自我實現的保護網。此外，國家在幼兒教育政策形成的法律監督面向上，應該藉由憲法最高性原則，憲法拘束國家行政立法司法行為，其中依法行政中的法律保留原則，將幼兒教育政策此一重要事項，由具有民意基礎的立法機關來參與及思辨，形成公意，進而促成法律的制定，這將有助於幼兒教育的推行。故，在時值幼兒教育政策的重大轉變之際，行政院在2007年10月12日提出於立法院的兒童教育及照顧法草案的內容，也擔負起憲法的社會國原則和憲法第21條教育基本權實踐者的角色，架構起以幼兒為中心的幼托整合機構，讓更多的幼兒能夠在一個溫暖安全的教保機構中去實現自我。

關鍵字

幼兒教育政策；教育基本權；自我實現；兒童教育及照顧法；幼稚教育法

並列摘要

Facing the social vicissitude, early childhood education must depend heavily on the parents, the country and kindergartens to guarantee and to help children's self-fulfillment. The country is not just the observer of forming the policy of early childhood education and looking after children. The country should obligate the responsibility of supervision of kindergartens under the Article 162 of the Constitution. The Article 21 of the Constitution is the content and the boundary of the supervision. The country must practice the equality of educational opportunity and Article 21 of the Constitution by the welfare state principle of the Constitution and help children's self-fulfillment. Under the Article 21 of the Constitution, the country must give the children the fundamental right to early childhood education and make laws to help children to have healthy minds and bodies and self-fulfillment. Furthermore, the policy of early childhood education must be ruled by laws. The policy must be formed with the democratic procedure because this can help people to think which policy is good for their children. Finally, we will overlook the Act of Early Childhood Education and Care and other related laws based on the Article 21 of the Constitution and the welfare state principle of the Constitution.