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蔣經國在贛南的教育建設及成效(1941-1943)

Chiang Ching-kuo's Educational Innovation in Southern Jiangxi and Its Effects (1941-1943)

摘要


蔣經國在贛南推動教育建設,致力於普及教育,並限期掃除文盲。首先,在贛南教育建設計畫的制定上,計畫目標具體明確,列有「每縣設1中學」、「完成鄉(鎮)中心學校」等二十項子計畫,目的在使人人都有讀書的機會;詳訂實施方法與步驟,使專署轄縣各級行政機構在施政上有所依循,並發揮各機關間協調統合的功能;嚴密管制工作進度,提高工作效率。其次,蔣經國在贛南推動教育建設的措施,如:贛南的學齡兒童一律由學校通知強迫入學;除了統一贛南各級學校的課程標準及每週授課時數外,蔣經國也關注教材之充實與教法之改進,主張教學方法應探啓發式,以訓練學生思考能力;贛南的教育建設所需經費龐大,鼓勵人民捐資興學,則是蔣經國籌措財源的途徑之一;蔣經國也重視社會教育,在贛南廣設圖書館、博物館及科學館,以提升贛南人民的知識水準,並發起掃盲運動和建家運動,藉以鞏固社會基礎。其三,蔣經國在贛南推動教育建設的成效,如:學校數量增加,學校經費呈倍數成長,學生及教師人數快速增長,各縣均能在規定期限內降低文盲人口數。不過,蔣經國不諱言地指出,在贛南推動教育建設,仍存有若干缺失亟待改進,如:專署各部門間配合不當、數量重於質量、衹重建設輕忽保管維護、較細小的工作項目缺乏妥善規劃,以及未能預先儲訓幹部。

並列摘要


Chiang Ching-kuo was dedicated to making education available to all people and to sweeping away the illiteracy in Southern Jiangxi in due time. First of all, he made it clear that there should be specific educational goals and so he proposed 20 substantial plans for the innovation, including the establishment of a middle school in every county and the completion of the policy of ”schools centering around each village or town”/”locating schools in each village or town” so that every person could have a chance to go to school. He also had all the procedures ready for carrying out the plans so that the administrative units within the province had a blueprint to follow and to coordinate and integrate in the best possible manner. He also demanded that all the work had to keep the proper pace and with efficiency. Some of the measures include compulsory education for the children reaching schooling age and the standardization of the curriculum and teaching hours at all levels. He also paid much attention to the enrichment of the teaching materials and the improvement of the teaching methods. He suggested heuristic methods to cultivate the student's independent thinking. Another important innovation Chiang initiated was to encourage the general public to contribute to schooling so as to lessen the budget for education in Southern Jiangxi. Chiang was also much concerned about social education and the installation of public libraries, museums, science museums, and stadiums. He believed that with them, the people of Southern Jiangxi could raise their cultural standards and to remove illiteracy for a better society. As a result, his policy toward the education of Southern Jiangxi was being improved substantially, e.g., an obvious increase in the number of schools and of teachers and students, and an increase in educational budget. Meanwhile, Chiang also admitted that there were still a lot to be done about the education in Southern Jiangxi. For example, it was necessary to strengthen the cooperation among the administrative units, to put more stress on the quality rather than on the quantity of education, and to pay more attention to detailed educational plans and to the maintenance of educational policies. And it was also necessary to train needed personnel for future use in advance.

參考文獻


(1943)。章貢合流。贛縣:江西省第四行政區行政督察專員公署。
(1991)。蔣經國先生全集。臺北:行政院新聞局。
蔣經國先生家書,蔣中正總統檔案
(1982)。蔣總統經國先生言論著述彙編。臺北:黎明文化公司。
蔣中正總統檔案

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