全球化時代的國家、市民社會與跨國階級政治―從台灣支援中美洲工人運動的兩個案例談起

State, Civil Society and Transnational Class Politics in the Age of Globalization: A Case Study of Taiwan's Solidarity with Central American Labor Struggles

陳信行(Hsin-Hsing Chen)

《台灣社會研究季刊》 60期 (2005/12) Pp. 35-110

https://doi.org/10.29816/TARQSS.200512.0003

摘要

本文援引2000年至2002年間台灣工運團體支援中美洲工人運動的經驗，探討當代各國勞動管制體制的弱化與跨國化等變遷，並藉而檢視關於全球化時代所謂國家式微、市民社會興起等命題。本文詳述了年興紡織尼加拉瓜廠與台南企業薩爾瓦多廠的爭議事件背景與始末及其與台灣、美國和中美洲三地的政經變遷、社會運動與地緣政治的牽連。
作者檢驗了新興的「企業社會責任」(Corporate Social Responsibility)勞動管制體制對於工人運動的影響，發現在現階段該體制雖有部分效用、但並無法取代之前佔主導地位的兩個勞動管制體制：國家（勞動法體制）與工會（團體協約）。作者評估兩個案例所牽涉的一些擬似跨國勞動法的機構：包括貿易組織與協定中的勞動人權條款、聯合國國際勞工組織合約與裁決、以及國內法的垮國管轄等，並認為這些機構因缺乏適當的強制力，尚各法成為「超國家」(super-state)。而且，這些跨國勞動管制機制對於各國工運在該國國內政治層次上的鬥爭不必然有所幫助。
雖然資本主義全球化使得各地工人的命運日益緊密相繫，各國工人運動所採取的應對之道也開創了許多富潛力的跨國團結行動，這些行動往往會反過來捉進各國工人運動的積極轉型，但是，當前工人運動進行並發生作用的最主要空間框架仍然是各個國族國家，必然受到各國家的政治、社會歷史的制約，再從而改變國內政治與社會結構。本文討論了這些經驗對於思索「後威權」時代台灣民主困局之課題的啟示，並主張從實際歷史與社會運動經驗出發，深化檢視之前的規範性討論。

關鍵字

跨國勞工團結 ； 企業社會責任 ； 工人運動 ； 全球化

並列摘要

From 2000 to 2002, labor organizations and labor-rights advocates in Taiwan were involved in two transnational solidarity campaigns in cooperation with North American anti-sweatshop movement in support of Central-American trade unionists: the Chentex Campaign in Nicaragua and the Tainan Enterprises Campaign in El Salvador. This article summarizes the context, the process and the influences of the campaigns on three aspects-political-economic transformation, social movements, and geopolitics-in three locales-North and Central America and Taiwan. Using the experience, the author discusses the current situation of the weakening of national labor regulation regimes and the possibility of transnational regimes. Also examined are the popular discourses about the decline of the state and the rise of transnational civil society in the age of globalization.
Implications of the emerging transnational regime of ”corporate social responsibility” for labor movements are evaluated using the campaign experience. The author finds it partly useful but neither possible nor desirable to replace the existing national institutions of labor regulation: national labor-law regime and the regime of industrial relations based on collective bargaining. Also discussed with the case history are the institutions that may potentially play the role of transnational labor regulation regime, including labor-rights clauses in international trade organizations and agreements, ILO conventions and arbitration mechanisms, and possible cross-border jurisdictions of national laws. They are found impossible to substitute for national-level labor regulation regimes for their lack of adequate enforcement power and not automatically bringing desirable outcomes for national labor movements.
Capitalist globalization has indeed brought working classes in far-flung places much closer together than before. Responses from labor movements in various countries created rich potentials for transnational solidarity actions, and these actions often encourage positive transformations for national labor movements. However, at this moment, the most important spatial framework wherein labor struggles to take place and take effect is still the nation state. The struggles take place under the constraints of social-political histories of particular nation states, and, in term, transform the national-level social-political structures. In this light, the author examines the recent political discussions in Taiwan about the crisis of democracy under the ”post-authoritarian” condition, and calls for deepening the hitherto highly normative discussion with empirical data from history and social-movement practices.

並列關鍵字

transnational labor solidarity ； corporate social responsibility ； labor movement ； globalization

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