于斌樞機所倡之《三知論》所透顯之知識論與自然神學

三知論所指的正是「知人、知物、知天」三者。用語固然朗朗上口，然其內涵卻不可不謂深奧。所謂知，顯然非知其大要之謂，而應有如朱子之「格物致知」之精微與貫通，故其在知識論上如何可能是一重要之問題。本論文擬藉于斌樞機三知論之文本研究，佐以新士林哲學在認知理論上的論證，試圖引證何以從理解萬有到理解人性乃至於理解終極實在的合理性。本文認為，此正是因為人性中具有「超驗」的資能而有以致之。固然于斌樞機並未直接兼採主體超驗之理路，但察其思想脈絡卻已洞燭此一人性之根本傾向。是以，本研究一方面推崇其理論之先聲，另一方面則試圖於當代認知論中探尋更多證據，證成此說之為合理。本文概分四部分處理之：一從人性的求知心為探討起點，證成求知之渴望，正是所有所知的先驗條件。二從知物轉向論物的可理解性，以此申論科學的發展及知識的突破。三則探討于樞機理論中的主體轉向及其哲學人學；最後，討論從于樞機理論隱含的超越線索，來討論認知終極實在的可能性。

關鍵字

于斌；三知論；求知心；科學；天主；超驗

並列摘要

The three kinds of knowing are respectively ＂knowing things, knowing people and knowing the heaven＂; the wording is simple while the immanence is profound. ＂Knowing＂ does not mean knowing the outline but rather mean comprehension through thorough investigation, just like Zhu Xi's idea of studying things to acquire knowledge; therefore, the way to knowing is an important epistemological issue. Based on the text of Cardinal Paul Yu Pin's theory of three kinds of knowing and informed by the neo-scholastic arguments on epistemology, we try to prove the rationality of understanding everything, understanding human nature and understanding the ultimate reality. We believe that this rationality is the result of the transcendental capacity in human nature. Though Cardinal Paul Yu Pin did not approach this issue in the light of the transcendence of the subject, it is clear this fundamental inclination of human nature was revealed in his theoretical context. Therefore, on the one hand, we applaud the initiativeness of his theory; on the other hand, we try to find more proof for the rationality of his theory in contemporary epistemology. This article is divided into four parts: First, we start with human beings' desire for knowledge and prove such desire to be the transcendental requirement for all knowing. Second, we proceed from knowing things to commenting on things to explain the development of science and the breakthrough in knowledge. Third, we inquire how the subject of his theory moved to philosophy and the study of man. And finally, we point out the transcendental clues implicated in his theory and discuss the possibility of knowing the ultimate reality.