評比朱熹與錢穆的道統觀

On Zhu Xi and Qian Mu's Views of the Orthodoxy

曾春海(Chun-Hai TSENG)

《哲學與文化》 48卷9期 (2021/09) Pp. 99-114

摘要

「道統」一詞，由朱熹於1189年所規劃的語詞，理源依據《尚書．大禹謨》：「人心惟危，道心惟微，惟精惟一，允執厥中。」十六字，界說儒家承傳成聖之道的理論內涵和流脈。他立基於以儒抗佛、道，提出儒學的心統性情論、成德工夫論和「允執厥中」的價值論，來闡述道統所以然之理。錢穆認為此一觀點來自禪宗一線單傳之說法，批評朱熹的道統承傳並未生生不息，中間隔絕千年之久。他認為朱熹道統內涵失之太窄，並認為儒學源遠流長，整個儒學史皆是道統所涵攝。本文旨在釐清身為理學家的朱熹，其道統觀係立基在道德形上學、心性存有論及成聖賢的價值論。錢穆是一史學家，立基於寬宏的儒學歷史文化立基點，批評朱熹。兩人的學術背景不同，立基點不同，語境有別，各有理據和不同的學術貢獻，不宜有所偏執，而對立分化地判別高下。

關鍵字

道統 ； 朱熹 ； 錢穆 ； 允執厥中 ； 歷史文化大統

並列摘要

The term, orthodoxy, was coined by Zhu Xi in 1189, with origins in ＂be judicious and steadfast, and sincerely strive for the golden mean＂ from ＂Counsels of the Great Yu,＂ Shang Shu. These words define the theoretical contents and schools of Confucian sagehood. Resisting Buddhism and Taoism through Confucianism, Zhu explains the rationality of the orthodoxy by proposing the Confucian values of mind encompassing character and feelings, cultivation of virtues, and the golden mean. However, Chien Mu's considers this perspective to be particular to the Zen school and criticizes Zhu's orthodoxy, having been interrupted for as long as a thousand years, for being temporary rather than permanent. He thinks the contents of Zhu's orthodoxy are too confined while the Confucian orthodoxy has a very long history. This article is meant to clarify that, as a Neo-Confucian, Zhu bases his views about orthodoxy on the values of moral metaphysics, mind-nature being and sagehood. As a historian, Chien Mu's criticism of Zhu Xi is based on his macroscopic perspective of Confucian history and culture. With different academic backgrounds, different approaches and different contexts, Zhu Xi and Chien Mu have distinctive arguments and contributions that should not be judged and contrasted from a partial perspective.

並列關鍵字

Orthodoxy ； Zhu Xi ； Chien Mu ； Golden Mean ； Orthodox History and Culture

參考文獻

朱熹，《朱子全書》，上海：上海古籍出版社，2003。

陳榮捷，《朱學論集》，臺北：臺灣學生書局，1982。

曾春海，《中國哲學史綱》，臺北：五南出版社，2012。

曾春海，《易經的哲學原理》，臺北：文津出版社，2003。

劉述先，〈朱子在宋明儒學的地位重探〉，《臺灣東亞文明學刊》5.2(2008)。