明清之際：從“主體性”、“意向性”到“歷史性”的一個過程－以“陽明”、“蕺山”與“船山”為例的探討

A Transition from "Subjectivity", "Intentionality" to "Historicity" during the Ming and Ching Dynasties

林安梧(An-Wu Lin)

《國文學報》 38期 (2005/12) Pp. 1-28

https://doi.org/10.6239/BOC.200512_(38).01

摘要

本論文旨在經由一思想觀念史底蘊之理解與詮釋，針對明清之際，以「陽明」、「蕺山」及「船山」做為例示，而提出一哲學類型之闡釋，指出其思想觀念的脈動。 首先，對於朱子之強調「道德超越形式性原理」做出闡釋，並對「別子為宗」的論點，提出批評，而指出朱子並非歧出，而為一「橫攝歸縱」的系統。朱子重在對象物之認知，再轉而上極於道體；此不同於「縱貫創生」之系統，重在由道體與主體的內在同一性，並因之縱而貫之、創生萬事萬物。對比而論，陽明則由此「橫攝歸縱」之系統，轉為一「縱貫橫推」的系統。 陽明之學乃一顯教式的主體性哲學，而劉蕺山則是一內斂而歸顯於密的意向性哲學，它隱含著一新的轉折，它不囿限於原先主體性哲學的思考，而邁向了廣大的生活世界，開啟了歷史性與社會性的嶄新契機，此中隱含一「啟蒙的轉折」。如此之轉折又預示著船山學的發展可能，重視「理氣合一」、「理欲合一」、「理勢合一」，經由「兩端而一致」的方式，而開啟了「生命的實存歷史性原理」。

關鍵字

宋明理學 ； 兩端而一致 ； 縱貫橫推 ； 橫攝歸縱 ； 性即理 ； 心即理 ； 歷史性 ； 主體性 ； 形式性

並列摘要

The aim of this paper is to investigate the development of the thought during the Ming and Ching Dynasties. To do this, it takes the thoughts of Wang Yang-ming, Liu Ji-shan and Wang Chuan-shan as examples and discusses their philosophical types by the interpretations and analyses of the history of thoughts and ideas.
Firstly, it elucidates the meaning of Chu His's accentuation on the ”moral transcendent formal principle”, criticizes the discourse on seeing Chu as ”the heretic that takes Orthodox”, and then points out that the philosophical system of Chu should be the kind of ”laying the horizontal absorbing to the vertical” and could not be seen as a divergence. What Chu emphasizes is the knowing of objects and the integration of Tao that based on it. This is different from the system of Vertical Creating, whose emphasis is the integrating and the creating of all things through the inner identity of Tao and Subject. Comparatively, the thought of Wang Yang-ming can be taken as the system of ”unfolding the horizontal from the vertical” transformed from that of ”laying the horizontal absorbing to vertical”.
Wang's thought is a philosophy of subjectivity of the kind of exoteric sect, while that of Liu Ji-shan is a philosophy of intentionality, which returns the exoteric sect to the esoteric one. Liu's thought implies a new crisis. It does not limit itself within the thinking of the philosophy of subjectivity, advances on the immense life-world, and gives a new moment of historicity and sociality. All these imply a turning point of enlightenment. Further, such a turning point predicts the possible development of the philosophy of Wang Chuan-shan, which emphasizes ”the unity of principle and vital force”, ”the unity of principle and desire” and ”the unity of principle and trend” and unfolds the real historical principle of life by the approach of ”the synthesis of the two dichotomy”.

並列關鍵字

Neo-Confucianism ； the synthesis of the two dichotomy ； laying the horizontal absorbing to the vertical ； unfolding horizontally from the vertical ； human nature is principle ； mind-heart is principle ； historici

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