《詩經》禽鳥詩的倫理觀探究

Ethical Investigation on the Poems of Birds in "The Book of Songs"

張曉芬(Hsiao-Fen Chang)

《先秦兩漢學術》 9期 (2008/03) Pp. 71-101

https://doi.org/10.29443/TLXQHD.200803.0004

摘要

孔子曾說：「詩，可以興，可以觀，可以群，可以怨。邇之事父，遠之事君，多識于鳥、獸、草、木之名。」（《論語．陽貨》）可見由我國最早的詩歌總集－《詩經》，可了解草、木、鳥、獸、蟲、魚的特性，以便進一步領悟其中興、觀、群、怨的深刻內涵。然如何掌握其中動植物特性，以了解詩中內涵？以「鳥」來說，《詩》305首，計有59首提到鳥類，所提及的鳥類有31種之多，且詩中擅以鳥類比喻或象徵某種意涵，今常見如有：鶴－清高、長壽象徵；鴛鴦代表夫妻恩愛；鷹則表示雄偉威武之意涵。除此之外，尚有許多禽鳥為喻之詩，究竟古人如何以鳥的屬性作一道德倫理之搭配？則是本文所欲探究的。

關鍵字

禽鳥為喻 ； 鳩佔鵲巢 ； 鶴鳴九皋 ； 獸德觀 ； 巢寄生行為

並列摘要

Confucius once said, ”The Odes serve to stimulate the mind. They may be used for purposes of self-contemplation. They teach the art of sociability. They show how to regulate feelings of resentment. From them you learn the more immediate duty of serving one's father, and the remoter one of serving one's prince. From them we become largely acquainted with the names of birds, beasts, and plants.” (Yang Huo, ”The Analects of Confucius”) It is obvious that we can learn various species' characteristics and from our first collection of poetry ”The Book of Songs”. From it we also learn the internal meanings of different moods of life. But how could we probe into the details? Taking the theme ”bird” for an example, we find 59 poems related to birds among 305 poems of ”The Book of Songs”, in which 31 kinds of bird are mentioned. ”Birds” carry many ethical meanings in these poems. For example, a crane symbolizes dignity and loge life. Mandarin ducks stands for the love of husband and wife. An eagle is the symbol of magnificence and mighty. There are more and more poems with the ethical symbol of birds in ”The Book of Songs”. The investigation of the paper starts from how ancient writers corresponded the characteristics of birds with human morality.

並列關鍵字

Symbol of birds ； the winner dominates ； the advice from the wise ； the morality and the beasts ； Nest Parasitism