Astrological Iconography of Planetary Deities in Tang China: Near Eastern and Indian Icons in Chinese Buddhism

唐代中國星曜神祇的占星術圖像－中國佛教中的近東與印度圖像

康傑夫(Jeffrey Kotyk)

《中華佛學學報》 30期 (2017/07) Pp. 33-88

摘要

This study examines the planetary icons found in East Asian art, arguing that they should be divided into three sets: Indian, zoomorphic and Iranian - Mesopotamian. It is demonstrated that the Indian icons are earlier representations of the navagraha directly from India. The latter two are identified as coming from an Iranian source. The Iranian-Mesopotamian icons are further discussed in relation to parallels found in the Picatrix, the Latin translation of an Arabic manual of astral magic. The roles of these icons within the magical traditions of Buddhism and Daoism are identified. It is proven that such astral magic was also imported from Near Eastern sources. The evolution of the icons of Rahu, Ketu, Yuebei 月孛 and Ziqi 紫氣,i.e., the set of four pseudo-planets 四餘 in East Asian astrology is also discussed. It is argued that it was most likely Sogdian Nestorian Christians who transmitted the Iranian icons into China.

關鍵字

Tang Dynasty ； planets ； astrology ； navagraha ； Iran ； Tejaprabha

並列摘要

本文研究東亞藝術中的行星（星曜）圖像，主張應將其劃分為三種類型：印度風格、動物風格和伊美風格。本文證明印度式圖像即為早期直接從印度傳入的九曜（navagraha），而另兩種則可確定是源自伊朗。在對伊美圖像進一步討論的過程中，將會涉及到一部拉丁文本Picatrix中的相似記錄，此拉丁文本是譯自一部阿拉伯文占星術手冊。此外，本文確認這些圖像在佛教和道教法術傳統中所扮演的角色，以及證實此類占星術也是引進自近東文獻。本文亦討論東亞占星中的四餘，即羅睺、計都、月孛和紫氣等圖像的演進。而最有可能將伊朗圖像引入中國的，應非粟特景教徒莫屬。

並列關鍵字

唐朝 ； 星曜 ； 占星術 ； 九曜 ； 伊朗 ； 熾盛光佛

參考文獻

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Al-Bīrūnī. The Book of Instruction in the Elements of the Art of Astrology. Translated by R.Ramsay Wright. London: Luzac & Co., 1934.

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