马王堆帛书“刑德大游”与秦灭六国战争

Xingde Dayou(刑德大游)in the Mawangdui(马王堆)Silk Book and the Wars of Unification by Qin

程少轩(CHENG Shao-xuan)

《史学集刊》 205期 (2023/03) Pp. 23-32

摘要

马王堆帛书《刑德》甲篇的《刑德占》是在《刑德》丙篇相关内容的基础上改编而成，其中“刑德大游”占辞的改写存在明确的史实依据。《刑德》甲篇写定的占辞，至少参考了秦灭六国的多次具体战例，特别是“背刑迎德”占辞，与秦王政二十二年李信攻楚先胜后败的史实完全相合。以史实入占书应该是帛书的撰写者有意为之，可见实际战争对数术文献的编纂有相当的影响力。在兵占书中引入战争史实，以战例校验占书准确性，很可能是秦汉时期兵占书的一大特点，这丰富了我们对古代数术文献的认识。

關鍵字

马王堆帛书 ； 刑德 ； 秦灭六国 ； 数术

並列摘要

The Xingde(刑德) divination in Xingde A of Mawangdui(马王堆)Silk Book is an adaption which is based on the divination in Xingde C. The divination on Xingde Dayou(刑德大游)is based on some true historical events, including at least several specific campaigns in the war between Qin and the other six states. A clear example is the divination on the case of facing Xingde, which is related to the campaign in the 15th year of King Ying Zheng(嬴政)against Zhao state. Similarly, the divination on the case of backing Xingde, is related to the occupation of Wei in the 16th year. In the 22th year, general Li Xin(李信)invaded Chu state, occupied Ying and then suffered counter attack from Chu army. His beginning of victory and resulting failure matches the case of backing Xing while facing De completely. These evidences reveal that the author of the Mawangdui Silk Book referred to an amount of historical events. The introduction of historical facts of war in the military divination book and the verification of the accuracy of divination book by battle examples is probably a major feature of military divination book in the Qin and Han Dynasties, which enriches our understanding of ancient Shushu(数术)literature.

並列關鍵字

Mawangdui(马王堆)Silk Book ； Xingde(刑德) ； The Wars of Unification by Qin ； Shushu(数术)