六朝詩「傷春」的連類譬喻

The categorical association of "Spring" in Six Dynasties Poetry

楊佩螢(Pei-Ying Yang)

指導教授 ： 鄭毓瑜

國立臺灣大學/文學院/中國文學研究所/博士(2014年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2014.02762

摘要

「傷春悲秋」一直是中國傳統文學的重要主題，然而對於「傷春」情懷如何生成？與哪些物候知識、時物體系可以互相輝映，以完成「傷春」書寫的碩大連類譬喻體系？是本文書寫的基本關懷。
六朝其不論在文學創作與批評、類書編纂與成熟上，皆成為上承先秦兩漢，下啓唐宋的關鍵時期。本文於是選以六朝詩作最為討論文本，以逯欽立先生《先秦漢魏晉南北朝詩》為主要文本來源，佐以相關詩騷作品，期將六朝詩作中的春天書寫，作出合理的分類、分析與討論，找出六朝詩作中「傷春」書寫的連類譬喻體系。
筆者所依循的討論分法，實受雷可夫(George Lakoff, A.D.1941-)與詹森(Mark Johnson, A.D.1949-)之《我們賴以生存的譬喻》，以及艾蘭(Sarah Allan, A.D. 1945- )之《水之道與德之端──中國早期哲學思想的本喻》所啟發。本文期於對六朝詩作之細膩思索後，與日人松浦友久先生於《中國詩歌原理》一書中所提到的四季書寫，能相互討論、對話。
在論述安排上，筆者以先民觀察大自然之順序，從地貌及於人文與天文。藉以得出春草、春華、春苔與春樹乃春季書寫的主要意象群，而孕育各種地貌植物之春陽、春風、春水，以及與植物密切依存之春雲、鳥獸等，皆成為次要意象群。並且，春天的感受必得是感官體驗的充分浸潤，故視聽味嗅觸等各類感官經驗，亦紀錄於春天書寫中，成為連結各類不斷牽引、衍生的連類譬喻體系之重要關鍵。
經由這些分析後發現，所謂「傷春」無法簡化為春天的傷感悲思，而是各種詩人在春天的情境中所引發的種種思緒。不同於松浦友久認為「傷春」乃是「悲秋」之拓展，筆者認為兩者同時並存於先秦漢魏晉南北朝詩中，但多數是分屬不同族群、不同氣氛、不同季節感受。若說春天經常以青綠之姿、飽滿水滴引起士子對生命、愛情、家國之感懷，秋天則以枯黃之葉、唧唧蟲鳴引起生命、仕途之感傷。簡言之，「傷春悲秋」恰好分流成春天的、女子的、愛情的主題，與秋日的、士人的、悲士不遇的情境，瀰漫成中國傳統文學之大宗。

關鍵字

傷春 ； 六朝詩歌 ； 連類譬喻

並列摘要

The “grieving in the spring, sorrowing in the autumn” is one of the most significant themes in the traditional Chinese Literature. The major concern of this article is to discuss: how to complete enormous metaphors series about the born and growth of emotion, the reflection to some animals, plants, and climate and such as phonological knowledge etc., of the “Spring”.
Six Dynasties are the critical periods inherit from pre-Qin and Han and become pioneer for Tang and Songs in literature, criticism, encyclopedias codification and maturity. This article bases on Six Dynasties Poetry and make Mr. Lu Qin Li’s " Pre-Qin ,Han, Wei-Jin and Northern and Southern Poetry" as text sources, plus with “Shi Jing” or “Chu Tzu”, to category and analyze the writing in Six Dynasties Poetry and to discover the categorical association in the “Spring”.
The way of discussion what I follow is triggered by “Metaphors We Live By”, written by George Lakeoff (A.D. 1941 - ), and Mark Johnson (A.D 1949 - ), and “The way of water and sprouts of virtue”, written by Sarah Allan (A.D. 1945 - ). By doing detailed thinking and survey, it is expected to communicate with “Seasons” described in “Chinese poetry principle”, authored by Mr. Matsuura Tomohisa.
In the arrangement discussed, this paper follows the Chinese or the human ancestors to observe the order of nature, from the geomorphology and the humanities and astronomy. In order to come to spring grass, spring flowers, spring moss and spring trees were written mainly in spring image group, and to gestated various landforms plants, spring sunlight , spring breeze, spring water, as well as the close interdependence of the spring plants, birds, cloud etc., are becoming a minority group of images. Of course, the spring must be feeling the full sensory experience of invasion, so the olfactory touch audio-visual and other sensory taste experience, also recorded in writing in the spring, continue to be an important key to link various types of the categorical association of "Spring", even derived class system of metaphor.
These analyzes found the so-called " the grieving in the spring " can not be simplified as sad thought, but rather a variety of poets in the context of the “Spring” caused all sorts of thoughts. Unlike Matsuura Tomohisa consider " the sorrowing in the autumn " is the premise of "the grieving in the spring ", I believe that both coexist in Pre-Qin ,Han, Wei-Jin and Northern and Southern Poetry, and most belong to different groups, different atmosphere, different seasons of experience. If the characteristic marks of spring is green, full of water droplets caused the Six Dynasties poet to think about life, love, recollections of home and country, places yellow leaves of autumn, the chirp of insects cause them also to think about life, frustrated for one's career ,and some sentimental story. In short, the "Spring” and the “Autumn" just split into two parts：the "Spring” on behalf of youth, women, love theme, and the “Autumn" behalf of sadness, scholars, sad situation of poet. Both become a staple of traditional Chinese literature.

並列關鍵字

the grieving in the spring ； the categorical association ； Six Dynasties Poetry

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