創業家特質、先前知識、外在環境對創業意圖之影響
-臺灣與越南之比較分析

近年來，臺灣鼓吹創業風，創業意向調查顯示臺灣青年創業意願較高。此外，在2018年「世界經濟論壇東協峰會(WEF-ASEAN)」越南政府表示以創業者和創新創業為經濟發展的重點，推動創業者互動與科技方面的合作，讓東南亞成為創新創業的中心。進入以知識、科技和創新為主的年代，加上第四次工業革命，創業的重要性成為各行業討論的熱門話題。本研究認為創業是極為重要的研究課題，值得深入探討。 Lim (2014)在研究中表示人格特質對創業意圖有正向影響。葉千禎 (2009)指出具有先前知識愈多會增加個人之創業意圖，而蔡佳良 (2017)發現外在環境對創業意圖有正向影響。因此本研究聚焦在探討創業意圖，將創業家特質和先前知識為出發點，並以外在環境為調節變項，希望探索出創業家特質、先前知識、外在環境對創業意圖之影響。另外，隨著時間及地區的不同，得出的結論也有所差異，因此本研究將臺灣與越南兩者比較分析，以提供給政府、創業者以及相關團體作為參考。本研究問卷主要以臺北地區與胡志明市地區中工作者為研究對象，透過便利抽樣及滾雪球抽樣的方式來進行調查，收回 456 份，其中臺灣與越南各123份有效問卷。並以項目分析、信度分析、因素分析、迴歸分析、層級迴歸分析、T 檢定和變異數分析等統計方法來驗證各研究假設，研究結果如下： H1. 創業家特質對創業意圖具有顯著正向影響-成立。 H2. 先前知識對創業意圖具有顯著正向影響-成立。 H3. 外在環境在創業家特質對創業意圖之影響上具有正向調節效果-部分成立。 H4. 外在環境在先前知識對創業意圖之影響上具有正向調節效果-部分成立。 H5. 不同人口統計變項的工作者在創業家特質、先前知識、外在環境以及創業意圖有部分顯著差異-部分成立。進一步將臺灣與越南各構面比較發現臺灣工作者在創新、風險承擔、先前知識、知識獲得顯著高於越南工作者；而越南的工作者在成就需求、外在環境、經濟科技環境、創業意圖、意圖強度、意圖利益顯著高於臺灣工作者。由研究結果可以提供給有志創業者來衡量自己，根據自己的興趣來規劃選修特定課程；建議政府部門，創業相關單位可透過對個人特質的分析，找尋目標潛在創業者；學校在教育上規劃課程讓民眾早啟發創業特質，透過教育培訓來加強化創業所需要的專業知識；亦可建構創業者交流平台、創業論壇、諮詢輔導，進一步設置可行之解決方案，創造友善的環境來提升創業意圖。

關鍵字

創業家特質；先前知識；外在環境；創業意圖；臺灣；越南；比較分析

並列摘要

In recent years, Taiwan has encouraged the development of startups. The entrepreneurial intention survey found that Taiwan’s youth entrepreneurship was high. In 2018 World Economic Forum on ASEAN, Vietnam's government said that innovation and entrepreneurship were the focus of economic development as well as expected the cooperation between entrepreneurship and technology will make Southeast Asia become the center of innovation and entrepreneurship. Entering the knowledge, technology, innovation era and the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the important of entrepreneurship is currently discussed as a hot topic. This study dedicated entrepreneurship as an important topic that deserves to be considered research in detail. Lim (2014) said that personality traits have positive effect of entrepreneurial intention. Ye Qianxi (2009) pointed out that higher prior knowledge and entrepreneurial intention may also increase. Cai Jialiang (2017) found that the external environment has positive influence on entrepreneurial intention. Therefore, this study expected to explore the impact of entrepreneurial traits, prior knowledge and external environment on entrepreneurial intentions. Moreover, results are also different with time and region, therefore, this study compared Taiwan and Vietnam to provide as a reference to government and entrepreneurial related groups. This study collected 456 valid questionnaires from Taipei and Ho Chi Minh City employees, conducted by convenient sampling and snowball sampling, statistical methods such as item analysis, reliability analysis, factor analysis, regression and hierarchical regression analysis, T test, ANOVA were using to test research hypothesis.The results were as follows: H1. Entrepreneur traits have positive influence on entrepreneurial intention- supported. H2. Prior knowledge has positive influence on entrepreneurial intention- supported. H3.The external environment has positive moderator influence on the impact of entrepreneurial traits to entrepreneurial intention- partial supported. H4.The external environment has positive moderator influence on the impact of prior knowledge to entrepreneurial intention- partial supported. H5.Different demographic variables of employees have significant differences on entrepreneurial traits, prior knowledge, external environment and entrepreneurial intention- partial supported. A further comparison of Taiwan and Vietnam found that Taiwanese employees had higher innovation, risk-taking, prior knowledge than Vietnamese employees and Vietnamese employees were more higher than Taiwanese employees in terms of achievement needs, external environment, economic and technological environment, entrepreneurial intentions and intention intensity. The results of this study can be provided to aspiring entrepreneurs to measure themselves; government departments also can find potential entrepreneurs through analysis of personal traits. Schools could strengthen the knowledge which required for entrepreneurship through education and training. It can also construct an entrepreneur exchange platform, an entrepreneurial forum and counseling. Further set up a workable solution to enhance entrepreneurial intention.