烹飪活動之幸福感研究

本研究探討男性烹飪嗜好者於從事烹飪（包含烹飪與烘焙）活動的心理感受，欲瞭解受訪者如何從中感到幸福感，研究方法以半結構式訪談進行質性研究，研究參與者為五位32-39歲男性，研究結果如下：烹飪活動被烹飪嗜好者視為興趣和休閒活動，從中獲得休息以調節生活、紓解壓力，並且願意持續精進，他們以樂觀的態度面對失敗，樂於發揮創意，勇於挑戰與改變。烹飪活動含有良好的人際互動，受訪者認為與伴侶烹飪能夠增加親密感，與孩子烹飪能使孩子有參與感。互動的時機包含烹飪前的討論與採購、烹飪時共同做一件事的合作及參與感、烹飪後與親友分享成品，享受齊聚一堂的快樂氛圍並接受讚美，成為人際交流間的話題，這些社會支持為他們帶來正向情緒、成就感、提高生活滿意度，並提升幸福感。從事烹飪活動讓烹飪嗜好者經歷正向情緒，烹飪時他們感到開心、愉悅、好奇、好玩，很滿足，也很有成就感，還帶著滿滿的期待感，他們全神貫注、專注地投入享受烹飪活動，享受動手做的樂趣，自然引發心流體驗，獲得內在滿足並帶來莫大的喜悅，讓負面情緒得以抒發，增加正向情緒，也有人是因為習得一項技能而感到充實，進而降低焦慮感。烹飪活動能提升生活滿意度，並穩定個人狀態，烹飪嗜好者感受自己在進步，持續精進與自我成長。在製作的過程中獲得控制感，增加自我效能與自我肯定，接著在分享食物時也能獲得他人讚美，使他們更加肯定自己的能力，從而提升信心、成就感和幸福感。烹飪嗜好者的烹飪動機除了有發自內心的好奇與嘗試、家人要求自己煮、自己烹飪較健康之外，也與人際關係有關。單身男性烹飪嗜好者的烹飪目的為「做出讓別人幸福的料理」，喜歡邀請他人品嘗與回饋，而已婚男性烹飪嗜好者的烹飪動機，皆有增進家庭互動或是為珍愛的人付出的意義，受訪者一致認為對伴侶關係有正向影響。烹飪動機也有成年前後的差異，成年前是因為肚子餓或是被家人要求而烹飪，成年後的動機則較為多元。整體而言男性烹飪嗜好者從烹飪活動感到心情愉悅、身體健康、關係提升和生活滿意度，皆能提升其幸福感，有益於烹飪嗜好者的身心健康。

關鍵字

烹飪；幸福感；正向情緒；正向心理學；烹飪藝術治療

並列摘要

This study was intended to explore the psychological feelings of male culinary hobbyist engaged in culinary (including cooking and baking) activities. In order to understand what they have perceived well-being from culinary activities. The research method used a semi-structured interview for qualitative research. The research participants were 5 males aged from 32 to 39. The results of the study were as follows: culinary activities were regarded as hobbies and leisure activities by culinary hobbyists. They were able to get rest and to regulate their lives, relieve stress, and willing to continue to improve their culinary skills. They faced failure with optimistic attitudes. Also, they are willing to be creative and have the courage to face challenge and change. Culinary activities involve good interpersonal interaction. Respondents believed that while cooking with their partners can increase intimacy and with children can make children feel involved. The timing of interaction includes discussions and purchases before culinary activities, cooperation and participation in doing something together during culinary activities, sharing the finished product with relatives and friends after culinary activities, enjoying the happy atmosphere of gathering together, accepting compliments and becoming the topic of interpersonal communication. Social support brings them positive emotions and sense of accomplishment. Furthermore, it improves life satisfactions and enhances happiness. Engaging in culinary activities has lifted up the positive emotions of culinary hobbyists. They feel happy, joyful, curious, satisfied and enjoyable when doing culinary activities. They also have a great sense of accomplishment. They also gain a sense of anticipation. They are fully absorbed and focused. Enjoying culinary activities and experiencing the fun of hands-on culinary naturally trigger flow experience, obtain inner satisfaction and bring great joy. More-over, the participants were able to release negative emotions and increases positive emotions during culinary activities. Besides, some people have sense of fulfillment because of learning a new skill and then reduce their anxiety. Culinary activities improved the living standards of the participants and make their personal emotion stable. Culinary hobbyists feel that they are making progress, continuous improvement and self-growth during culinary activities. When they do culinary, they can gain a sense of control in the production, increase the self-efficacy and self-affirmation and then get the compliments of life when sharing food, so they can truly have their own abilities, thereby enhancing their confidence, sense of accomplishment and happiness. The culinary motivation of those who are interested in culinary is not only from inner curiosity and experimentation, family members asking for culinary by themselves, and healthier by cooking themselves, but also related to interpersonal relationships. The culinary purpose of single male culinary hobbyists is to "make dishes which make others happy." They like to invite others to taste their dishes and then give feedback. The culinary motivations of married male culinary hobbyists have the meaning of enhancing family interaction or giving to the cherished ones. The participants agreed that there was a positive impact on the relationship between partners. There are also differences in culinary motivation before and after stepping in adulthood. Before adulthood, culinary is due to hungry or being asked by family members. On the other hand, the motivation is more diverse while after adulthood. Overall, male culinary hobbyists perceived happiness, physical health, relationship improvement, and life satisfaction from culinary activities that had improved their happiness as the benefits for the physical and mental health of culinary hobbyists.

並列關鍵字

culinary ； well-being ； positive emotions ； positive psychology ； Culinary art therapy

參考文獻

Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276-302.

McCullough, M. E., Kilpatrick, S. D., Emmons, R. A., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Is gratitude a moral affect? Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 249-266. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.249

一、中文文獻