中正紀念堂場所精神之研究

A Study of Genius Loci of Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall

陳禹璇(Yu-Hsuan Chen)

指導教授 ： 黃承令

中原大學/設計學院/建築研究所/碩士(2018年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/cycu201800083

摘要

諾伯休茲(Christian Norberg-Schulz)於西元1979年所提出「場所精神」，希望透過對「場所精神」的關注，探討場所本身的氣氛與有形的空間的連結，說明場所的空間特性，發掘場所的本質與價值。
中正紀念堂設立於西元1975年，原為紀念先總統蔣中正的紀念物，為元首型紀念館，至今逐漸開始以不同的面貌呈現在世人面前，擁有「紀念館」、「博物館」、「公園」、「古蹟」、「市民空間」、「觀光景點」、「反叛空間」等多重身分。在2000年總統大選政黨輪替後，執政黨政府開掃蕩被視為權威象徵的中正紀念堂，直至今日中正紀念堂仍飽受爭議。本論文將討論中正紀念堂所乘載的歷史、記憶與其所擁有的價值，以及它在人們心中的特殊性、重要性、紀念性。探討一個原先具有權威紀念意義的場域，如何在歷史的進程中，轉變為一個活動豐富的空間，滿足民眾多元的需求，成為不同族群的對話空間，體現歷史記憶的沉澱以及凝聚後其價值與紀念意義。
本研究以場所精神為核心對中正紀念堂的本質做研究，探討中正紀念堂的起源到現今發展的過程、象徵意涵、空間的使用方式以及其園區內各方面的演變。再以現象學的角度於現場進行實地觀察，並記錄中正紀念堂園區內的使用現況，以觀察人和環境的互動經驗、園區內所發生的各種行為活動、空間的使用方式為主。注重人們產生於園區中的地方感、認同感以及各種獨有特質，其中也包含空間環境的共同記憶與人文意義。藉此得知中正紀念堂園區當前所扮演的角色與功能，了解其能賦予地方特殊意義或價值，展現其存在的意義，以及延續歷史、記憶的重要性。
透過歸納與分析整理其使用者特性、使用關係、空間意義，並透過手繪來表現空間使用型態，剖析中正紀念堂的場所空間的特徵，以及民眾使用中正紀念堂的情形為主要探討內容，進而構築出其場所精神的輪廓。紀念性的價值與意涵亦隨著時代而改變，在社會與政治的轉變下，紀念場所可能會產生與最初設立時不相同的意義。希望透過歷史與空間的面貌做探討，尋找出中正紀念堂區的場所意象及屬於自己的場所特質，使有形與無形文化資產價值能夠相互彰顯且被延續，客觀的傳達其場所精神，並以此做為日後保存以及未來研究參考用。同時說明了有形(如景觀、場所、路徑、物件)與無形(記憶、口述、儀式、慶典)的價值，皆能賦予場所意義與情感。

關鍵字

場所精神 ； 中正紀念堂 ； 紀念性 ； 紀念物 ； 紀念空間

並列摘要

Christian Norberg-Schulz proposed “Genius Loci” in 1979. By the concern for “Genius Loci”, it aims to explore connection between the atmosphere of the place with the tangible space, describe spatial characteristics of the place and discover essence and value of the place.
Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall was founded in 1975 and it was originally the memorial to the late president Chiang Kai-shek. It is the memorial of the heads of states. At present, it is successively presented to the world with different identities, including “memorial”, “museum”, “park”, “historic interest”, “civil space”, “tourist site”, “space of rebellion”, etc. After transfer of political party in presidential election of 2000, the government of the ruling party launched to mop up Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall as the symbol of authority. Nowadays, Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall is still controversial.This study will discuss history, memory and value related to Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall and its unique, important and memorial characteristics for people. It attempts to find how a place with authoritative and memorial significance is transformed into the space with abundant activities in history which satisfies people’s multiple demands, becomes dialogue space for different people and reveals the outcome of historic memory and value and memorial significance after agglomeration.
This study focuses on genius loci to probe into essence of Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall. It explores the process from the origin to current development, symbolic meaning, space use and evolution of different dimensions of Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall. From perspective of Phenomenology, it conducts on-site observation and records current use of Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall to observe interactive experience between humans and environment, various behaviors and activities in the place and space use. It pays attention to people’s sense of place, identification to the place and various unique characteristics, including common memory and human significance of environment. Thus, this study realizes current role and functions of Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall and recognizes its special meaning or value to the place, significance of existence and importance to extend history and memory.
By generalization and analysis of users’ characteristics, use relationship, spatial meaning and spatial use by manual drawing, it explores characteristics of space of Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall and public use of Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall as the main content and establishes the outline of Genius Loci. Value and significance of the memorial change with time. Because of change of society and politics, the memorials can reveal different meanings from early foundation. By probing in to history and space, this study aims to recognize place image of Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall and place characteristics. Thus, values of tangible and intangible cultural assets can enhance each other and be continued. It objectively conveys Genius Loci and serves as future preservation and reference of research. It argues that tangible (such as landscape, place, path and object) and intangible (memory, narration, ritual and ceremony) values can result in meanings and affection of places.

並列關鍵字

Genius Loci ； Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall ； Memorial ； Monument ； Memorial Space

參考文獻

黃金麟、汪宏倫、黃崇憲，《帝國邊緣：台灣現代性的考察》，新北市：群學，2010。

鍾雅鈞，《三峽的場所精神之研究以李梅樹繪畫為例》，中原大學，碩士論文：2014。

劉芳祺，《以「場所精神」為導向的楊梅「老樹伯公」場域活化規劃設計》，中原大學，碩士論文：2014。

陳冠丞，《現代性下的灶腳味－臺灣傳統小吃攤場所精神之研究》，中原大學，碩士論文：2013。

蕭如菱，《棒球場空間紀念性與保存價值之研究─以台北市立棒球場〈1957-2000〉為例》，國立台北藝術大學，碩士論文：2011。