中國國民黨政府對臺灣山地治理的籌畫與建置（1943-1952）

國民黨政府在接收臺灣前做不少準備，一方面設立臺灣調查委員會，對臺灣進行調查與資料搜集，國民黨政府由此認識臺灣山地與山地原住民，知曉臺灣總督府對蕃地蕃人的撫育與威壓措施，亦明白山地原住民可分為七族。臺灣調查委員會亦擬定〈臺灣接管計畫綱要〉，將國民黨政府的民族觀作為臺灣山地的接收方針，即扶助、同化山地原住民，並給予山地原住民地方自治。另一方面則開設警察與行政人才培訓班，前者負責戰後山地之接收，後者則負責接收後的山地治理。為此，在招訓人才的過程中重視臺灣的特殊性，強調學員應具備臺灣方言或日語的能力，同時加強學員對臺灣情況的認識，因此對戰後山地的接收與治理是有正面意義的。　　日本投降後，國民黨政府事前不清楚負責接收的國家與時間，對於軍事占領亦無規劃，使得接收機構匆促成立，接收人員亦忙亂集結。後行政長官公署人員陸續抵臺，臺灣山地之接收亦隨之展開。在「維持」的原則下，理蕃機關係由警察單位接收，完成後再交由民政單位主掌山地業務。由於先前未擬定完整的山地施政計畫，民政處與各相關單位一同召開高山族施政研究會，確立國民黨之民族觀為日後山地施政方針，由此將山地原住民納為中華民族的論述內，稱之為山地同胞。同時召開山地高山族施政考察團，對山地鄉村之劃設進行考察。編組過程雖一波三折，但最終山地區域多承繼日治蕃地之範圍，山地村域之劃設亦受日治駐在所轄區的影響。　　國民黨政府在省縣鄉村均有主掌山地業務之機關，四者為處理山地龐雜事務，同時為提高行政效率，而實行山地行政一元化，但後來因為新任臺灣省主席陳誠不認同，又缺乏所需的財政與人才，山地行政機關最終朝向一般化發展。另外，當時山地鄉村長本欲如平地鄉村般進行民選，但因山地鄉村在編組上遭遇困難，使得部分山地鄉村無法順利舉行選舉，造成首屆山地鄉長均為官派，首屆山地村長部分官派、部分民選的情形，而首任山地鄉村長多為日治時期蕃地蕃社的重要領導者。

關鍵字

國民黨政府；山地；接收；行政機關；行政區劃；地方自治

並列摘要

KMT Government had done numerous preparation before receiving Taiwan. It set up Commission of Inquiry of Taiwan to look into and collect information about Taiwan, grasp Taiwan’s condition back then and recognize mountain areas and the Taiwanese mountainous indigenous peoples, know that Government-General of Taiwan had cultivating and coercing policies on mountainous indigenous peoples, understand that mountainous indigenous peoples could be divided into seven nations, etc. Commission of Inquiry of Taiwan also delivered “Outline Plan on Receiving Taiwan”, taking Nationism of KMT Government as orientation of receiving mountain areas of Taiwan, that is, to assist and assimilate mountainous indigenous peoples and allow them to exercise autonomy in mountain areas. On the other hand, KMT Government also opened training courses of police and administration staff. The former was responsible for receiving the mountainous areas after the war; the latter was in charge of the governance after receiving. Therefore, during the process of recruiting and training, Taiwan’s particularity was emphasized, stressing that trainees should be capable of speaking Taiwanese dialects or Japanese, and reinforcing their acknowledgement to Taiwan. All these had positive meaning to the reception and governance in mountainous areas after the war. After the surrender of Japan, KMT Government wasn’t sure which country to receive and when to receive, and had no plan on military occupation, causing both the founding of the receiving-related institutions and the gathering of the receiving-related personnel were all in a haste. Later, right after the staff of Administrative Executive Office arrived gradually, the receiving of the mountainous areas of Taiwan began. Under the principle of “maintenance”, aboriginal agencies were taken over by police units, then were handed over to civil administration to take charge in indigenous affairs. Due to lacking a complete plan for governing the mountainous areas, Civil Affairs Department and related units had Seminar of Policies on Mountainous Indigenous Peoples, determining that national outlook of KMT Government would be the orientation of governing mountainous areas of Taiwan, and thus see mountainous indigenous peoples as Chinese nations, called “mountain compatriots”. Meanwhile, there were Investigation Group of Policies on Mountainous Indigenous Peoples to inspect on the zoning of mountainous areas. Though the process was full of twists and turns, finally most of the mountainous areas inherited the same scope as were in Japanese ruled period, and the zoning of mountainous villages were influenced by the jurisdiction of Police Post in Japanese ruled period as well. KMT Government had agencies in charge of mountainous areas in province, counties, townships, and villages. These agencies practiced unification of mountainous administration in order to deal with numerous mountainous fairs and to improve administrative efficiency. Yet, the policy turned its development toward generalization because of the disapprobation of the new Taiwan Provincial President Chen Cheng and the lack of financial support and proper personnel. On the other hand, the mountainous majors of townships and villages were going to be democratically elected as the people do in non-mountainous areas. However, since the obstacles met when zoning townships and villages, the election couldn’t be held as planned, making the first mountainous township majors were sent by the government, and part of the first mountainous village heads were sent by the government and part of them were elected. Most of them were essential leaders in aboriginal areas in Japanese ruled period.