非政府組織在中亞的方向和影響

The directions and influence of Nongovernmental Organizations in Central Asia

林偉如(Wei-Zu Lin)

指導教授 ： 傅仁坤

健行科技大學/商學院/中亞研究所/碩士(2009年)

摘要

1991年蘇聯崩解，原加盟共和國於焉成為獨立國家，其中包括哈薩克斯坦(Kazakhstan)、烏茲別克斯坦(Uzbekistan)、吉爾吉斯斯坦(Kyrgyzstan)、土庫曼斯坦(Turkmenistan)、塔吉克斯坦(Tajikistan)等中亞五國受到全球的注視。由於中亞位於歐洲和亞洲中間，其重要性不論在經濟上、社會上、政治上、或生態上都備受注目。中亞人民和社會在蘇聯政體瓦解後嚴重適應不良，使社會的狀況變得更加不穩定。此情況致使非營利部門的重要更為彰顯，特別是積極參與社會有益的活動的非政府組織（NGOs）日益受到各方重視。
從2003年至今非政府組織在中亞地區究竟獲致何種成效和功能？中亞的非政府組織在2005年安集延事件後，其主要目標是否改變？非政府組織在威權政府壓力下又做了什麼改變？例如有人意指，非政府組織在中亞的角色是在計劃另一場“顏色革命”？亦或只是純粹著力於社會發展。
非政府組織為非營利，無黨派組織，乃為公眾福祉的特殊團體。但是非政府組織在中亞地區遭受政府的壓制和鎮壓。然而，對於大多數非政府組織在中亞地區仍然竭力對社會提供支持，持續推動有關人權、衛生、生態、健康、城鄉差距。

關鍵字

中亞 ； 非政府組織 ； 民主 ； 醫療 ； 環境

並列摘要

NGOs began to appear in Central Asia in the transition period following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Their numbers have increased rapidly in five Central Asian countries- Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, over the last ten years. NGOs are nonprofit, politically unaffiliated organizations that advance a particular cause or set of causes in the public interest.
This essay examines democracy, healthy, and environmental NGOs: the main kinds of NGOs in this region during the last five years. With extremely authoritarian regimes, NGOs in Central Asia have encountered governments’ restraint and suppression of their operation. However, most NGOs in Central Asia still struggle to provide support for the civil society initiatives, as well as ensure community involvement in health and environmental programs.
This paper examines the role and function NGOs in Central Asia from 2003 to the present. Did Central Asian NGOs main goals change after 2005 Andijan event? And what did NGOs do under hostile governments? It is important to understand the development of NGOs in Central Asia because this sector has had dramatic effects in this area, no matter in politics, public welfare, and environment. The result of this research has some positive credits for NGOs’ contributions in Central Asia.

並列關鍵字

Central Asia ； NGOs ； Democracy ； Healthcare ； Environment

參考文獻

Monographs in English

Adshead, Samuel and M., Adrian. Central Asia in World History, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993.

Ahari, M.E and Beal, James. The New Great Game in Muslim Central Asia Institute for National Strategic Studies. Washington: National Defense University, 1996.

Ahmed, Rashid. Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia. N.Y: Yale University Press, 2002.

Akbarzadeh, Shahram. Uzbekistan and the United States: Authoritarianism, Islamism and Washington’s Security Agenda. London and New York: Zed Books, 2005.