- 學位論文
不同類型幫派組織結構及活動之研究
A Study on the Organizational Structure and Activities of Different Types of Gangs
摘要
桃園市原以舊有市鎮及市區本地住戶為主體結構，至今已發展成為鄰接國際級都會台北市及新北市之以工、商業為主之特殊城市(現為台灣第九大都市)。在經濟發展迅速、都會城市形成後，在桃園市活動之新、舊不同的幫派組織及成員所衍生出之犯罪問題亦隨之增加。 本研究以質性之研究方法，深度訪談三位目前正在桃園市活動且自陳加入幫派數年之幫派幹部成員，同時亦深入訪談二名長期服務於桃園地區專責掃蕩黑道幫派之資深刑事警察，並將蒐集所得資料進行分析，獲取在桃園市活動之不同類型「各幫派之演變及幫派發展趨勢」的研究發現，分析「幫派的組織結構」、「活動特性」，探討「執法機關作為及困境」，進而歸納出研究結論後，提出有助於「執法機關在防治幫派犯罪的建議」。 研究發現，目前在桃園市活動的幫派，可分為角頭型幫派、組織型幫派、組合型幫派三大類型，在「組織結構」部分，三者無明顯差異，多均僅有「領導者」與「成員」兩個層級結構，亦缺乏明顯的專業分工；在「活動特性」部分，發現幫派經濟活動及來源是幫派生存及發展的重要條件，且目前經濟來源有「同質性高」的現象及「不需精密分工」及「低技術」的特徵。而幫派武力及暴力使用、幫派間衝突糾紛解決等活動，亦均在確保幫派經濟來源及幫派持續生存的前提下，多數以協調談判為主要解決手段，並積極地與其他幫派成員、政府官員、司法人員、民意代表、媒體從業人員及商界人士等建立｢互取所需｣關係。 在「各幫派之演變及幫派發展趨勢」方面，除提出幫派概況外，同時歸納出桃園市幫派演變的三個時期：(一)創立崛起期(約民國60年至民國73年)(二)重組發展期(約民國73年至民國85年)(三)串聯結盟期(民國85年至民國100年)，分析亦發現，在桃園市活動的幫派有(一)活動自「地下非法性」、「經營零散性」走向「地上合法性」、「經營整合性」，亦即從「立即違法性高」向「立即違法性低」方向發展(二)角頭型幫派朝著組織型幫派的模式發展(三)不同類型幫派間串聯結合等發展趨勢。 在「執法機關作為及困境」部分，探討國內執法機關為防制幫派犯罪所制定、公布施行之法令及檢肅幫派犯罪相關作為及成效，並發現執法機關人員目前偵防幫派犯罪之困境有(一)幫派活動掌控愈顯困難(二)犯罪證據蒐集困難(三)組織犯罪條例構成要件嚴格 (四)專責幫派偵防人才養成不易及流失。歸納出(一)「檢肅幫派專案」對防治幫派犯罪有效，公開、例行性的臨檢、攔檢則效果不大(二)「檢肅幫派專案」難造成組織型、 角頭型幫派瓦解，但有約制作用；對組合型幫派及剛形成之犯罪組合，因其組織結構較不完整且成員較少，則較易使之瓦解之综合研究發現 本研究在結論中以上述研究發現，分別與理性選擇組織犯罪理論、幫派副文化理論(緊張理論)、一般化緊張理論、差別接觸理論、社會控制理論、私人保護組織犯罪理論及社會亂迷等理論及國內犯罪學大師許春金等箸作論述相互驗證 ，發現「幫派仍不脫其暴力及牟利的本質，一群人以不同程度的暴力侵害他人的生命、身體及財產安全，從事非法或以合法掩護非法的活動，為求達到牟利的目的而慣常性地無視法律及社會的規範」，政府卻很難加以完全消滅，實需大量學術研究者投入研究，分析其存在原因，以提供政府持續實施相關防治作為的參考。 據此，研究者提出以下建議：一、預防幫派犯罪方面：(一)協助家庭、學校及社會防制少年加入幫派(二)強化執法機關效能，增加民眾信任感(三)積極結合政府各行政、立法機關共同尋求縮減非法行業生存方法及阻絕幫派經濟來源管道。 二、偵查幫派犯罪方面：(一)成立偵查幫派犯罪專責單位(二)偵查蒐證策略的調整(三)斷絕武器、毒品來源。
並列摘要
Taoyuan City was originally an old town and its residents were mostly local people, now it has been developed and become an industrial and business metropolis aside by Taipei City and New Taipei City. With its rapidity of economic growth and the formation of metropolis, there are more and more criminal problems derived from the illegal activities among different gangs in Taoyuan City. Therefore, to bring up some suggestions to the anti-gang law enforcement units, the researcher adopted the qualitative research method, three active senior members of gangs in Taoyuan City and two senior criminal detectives who has been responsible for anti-gangs in the same area were interviewed. The interview data were further analyzed to obtain information of various types of gang structures, the characteristics of gang-activities, the developing trend of gangs, the causes of gangs existence and the current practice and difficulties of law enforcement. The research outcome indicates that current existing gangs in Taoyuan City can be identified as three types, Local-typed Gang, Organized-typed Gang and Temporary-Combination-typed Gang. From the aspect of gang structures, there are no obvious variation among the above three types, most of gangs only consist of 2-level structure which were made up of leaders and members, and lack of clear division of professions. Regarding to the characteristics of gang-activities, on the other hand, the economic activities and financial sources are crucial to maintain and develop underworld gangs. The traits of these activities are highly homogeneous, professional speciality needless and low-skilled. When it turns to gangs violence and conflicts issues, coordination and negotiation were espoused on the premise that both financial sources and sustainable development of the gang are assured. For the same reason, the take-mutual-needs relationships are built up intensively with members of other gangs, government officers, law enforcement officers, politicians, journalists and businessmen. From the perspectives of the developing trend of underworld gangs and the causes of gangs existence, three periods of progress of underworld gangs in Taoyuan City are concluded, (1) the establishment period (1971-1984), (2) the reconstruction period (1984-1996) and (3) the alliance period (1996-2011). As well as three develop trends are presumed, (1) the gangs activities changed from illegal to legal and management from fragmented to integrated, i.e. apparent illegality to concealing illegality, (2) the transformation from Local-typed Gang to Organized-typed Gang and (3) different gangs alliances. In terms of the current practice and difficulties of law enforcement, the contemporary laws concerning anti-gang crimes, programs for eliminating gang crimes and its efficacy are inspected, the research infers that the barriers at the moment law enforcement deal with are, (1) the extensive impediment of controlling gangs activities, (2) the obstacles of collecting crime evidences, (3) the strict constitutive requirements of the related laws, (4) the outflow of talent. Two conclusions are drawn, (1) the above programs is efficacious, but the routinely check-points is ineffectual, (2) the program cannot eliminate the Local-typed and the Organized-typed Gangs, but it still has some constraint on them; for the Temporary-Combination-typed Gang and the new gangs which are incompletely structured and only have less members, the program is easy to destroy them. The research conclusion can be explained and verified by Rational Choice Theory, Subculture Theory, General Strain Theory, Differential Association Theory, Social Control Theory, Protection Firm Theory, Social Anomie Theory and domestic masterpieces from Professor Sheu,Chuen-Jim . To summarize, the underworld gangs are a bunch of people who interfere other citizens’ safety of life, body and fortune in a brutal and fierce manner, they also camouflage their illicit activities under lawful cover, and neglect justice and social norm. Violence and profit-seek are the essence of gangs, yet it is hard to be eliminated entirely by the government. Hence, for improve government policies regarding to the issue, more researches and studies are yearned in this area. Accordingly, the researcher has few recommendations referring to gang-related crimes prevention aspect, (1)give assistance to family, school and society to prevent youngsters from being involved in gangs, (2)reinforce the efficacy of law enforcement, and strength citizens’ faith, (3)block the financial sources and outlawed business of gangs through uniting administrative and legislative efforts of government. On the crime investigation aspect, the researcher suggests that, (1) establish units that are fully in charge of investigating gang-related crimes, (2) adjust the current investigation and evidence collection strategies, and (3) cut off all sorts of sources of weapons and drugs.