評估植物精油與活性成分對破壞單家蟻(Trichomyrmex destructor)工蟻的接觸毒性與忌避效力

Evaluations of Contact Toxicity and Repellency of Plant Essential Oils and Bio-active Compounds on Workers of Trichomyrmex destructor (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

鍾艾芸(Chung-Ai-Yun)

指導教授 ： 卡雷納

國立屏東科技大學/國際學院/熱帶農業暨國際合作系/碩士(2023年)

https://doi.org/10.6346/NPUST202300038

摘要

破壞單家蟻（Trichomyrmex destructor）為常見之都市害蟲。此種螞蟻具侵略性，且因其築巢習性，破壞單家蟻的出沒可對室內環境造成滋擾，並對機械及房屋結構造成嚴重破壞，進而危害人類與其他動物之健康與安全。在香草植物中，植物次級代謝物（the plant secondary metabolites）包含萜烯（terpenes）具有殺蟲活性，且該物質與合成殺蟲劑相比，對非目標生物（the non-target organisms）之毒性較低。本研究測試三種植物純精油，即曲序香茅（Cymbopogon flexuosus）、留蘭香（Mentha spicata）、迷迭香（Rosmarinus officinalis），以及其主要生物活性成分（檸檬醛（citral）、香芹酮（carvone）、樟腦（camphor）於實驗室環境中，對破壞單家蟻工蟻之防治效力。七種施放濃度之精油和活性成分（0 μL/cm2、0.2 μL/cm2、0.4 μL/cm2、0.6 μL/cm2、0.8 μL/cm2、1 μL/cm2與2 μL/cm2）用於測試對工蟻之接觸毒性；四種施放濃度之精油和活性成分（0 μL/cm2、0.8 μL/cm2、1 μL/cm2與1.2 μL/cm2）用於測試對工蟻之忌避效力。結果顯示，植物精油和活性成分皆可在12小時內對破壞單家蟻工蟻造成80%至90%之死亡率。曲序香茅精油對工蟻之接觸毒性呈劑量依賴性(dose-dependency)，並於1 μL/cm2 和2 μL/cm2之施放濃度造成100%工蟻死亡。留蘭香精油、香芹酮、檸檬醛於0.2 μL/cm2 或 0.4 μL/cm2之施放濃度對工蟻造成高於90%死亡率。而迷迭香精油和樟腦因揮發性高的特性，需較高施放濃度方可對工蟻造成高於80%之死亡率，並在實驗中發現此兩種物質於施放濃度較低時可在6小時內完全揮發。精油和活性成分於1 μL/cm2 或 1.2 μL/cm2之施放濃度可在1小時內對工蟻造成約80%至90%之忌避效力。植物精油和活性成分已被證實可有效防除多種有害昆蟲，並運用特殊之作用機制（mode of actions）對其造成死亡或忌避之功效。本研究證明曲序香茅、留蘭香、迷迭香之精油與活性成分對破壞單家蟻工蟻之接觸毒性與忌避功效斐然。這些天然物質可替代合成殺蟲劑，應用於環保的害蟻防治策略。

關鍵字

破壞單家蟻 ； 植物精油 ； 活性成分 ； 接觸毒性 ； 忌避性

並列摘要

Singapore ants (Trichomyrmex destructor) are considered the insect pests in the urban areas. Due to the aggressive natures and nesting behaviors these ants possess, their infestation in indoor environment could cause nuisance and severe damages to machinery and building structures, which would threaten health and safety of human and other animals. The plant secondary metabolites contained by herbal plants, including terpenes, possess insecticidal activities and could be less toxic to the non-target organisms compared to synthetic insecticides. The present study investigated contact toxicity and repellency of the pure essential oil of three plants, lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus), spearmint (Mentha spicata) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), and their major bio-active compounds (citral, carvone, and camphor) against T. destructor workers under the laboratory conditions. Total seven application rates of each test material (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, and 2 μL/cm2) were assessed for contact toxicity and four application rates of each test material (0, 0.8, 1, and 1.2 μL/cm2) were evaluated in the two-choice tests for repellency against the ants. The results indicated that all the essential oils and the bio-active compounds caused strong contact toxicity against T. destructor workers by killing c.a. 80%-90% ant mortality within 12 hours. Lemongrass oil killed ants in dose-dependent manner, and the lowest concentrations to cause 100% mortality within 12 hours were1 μL/cm2 and 2 μL/cm2. Spearmint oil, carvone and citral killed higher than 90% ants at 0.2 μL/cm2 or 0.4 μL/cm2 within 12 hours. Rosemary oil and camphor required higher application rates for >80% ant mortality due to high volatile property; when tested at the low application rates, those two materials completely volatized within six hours. For repellency, all the test materials repelled c.a. 80%-90% ants when applied at 1 μL/cm2 or 1.2 μL/cm2 within one hour. The plant essential oils and bio-active compounds were proved to exhibit efficacious insecticidal activities against other insect pests of agricultural, product-storage or health and safety concerns, and they were observed to elicit specific mode of actions for killing or repelling the insects. Our study confirmed that the essential oils of lemongrass, spearmint, rosemary, and their bio-active compounds could effectively kill and repel T. destructor workers, which could serve as a promising alternative to the synthetic insecticides for an eco-friendlier ant management.

並列關鍵字

Singapore ants ； plant essential oils ； bio-active compounds ； contact toxicity ； repellency

參考文獻

Abd El-Hakim, Y., Neamat-Allah, A. N., Baeshen, M., & Ali, H. A. (2019). Immune-protective, antioxidant and relative genes expression impacts of β-glucan against fipronil toxicity in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish & shellfish immunology, 94, 427-433.

Abdelgaleil, S. A., Mohamed, M. I., Badawy, M. E., & El-Arami, S. A. (2009). Fumigant and contact toxicities of monoterpenes to Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and their inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase activity. Journal of chemical ecology, 35, 518-525.

Aggarwal, K. K., Tripathi, A. K., Prajapati, V., & Kumar, S. (2001). Toxicity of 1,8-cineole towards three species of stored product coleopterans. International journal of tropical insect science, 21, 155-160.

Al-Ameri, D. T., Hamza, A. K., Hassan, B. H., & Alhasan, A. S. (2020). Effect of essential oil of colocynth, Citrullus colocynthis and spearmint, Mentha spicata against the khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). IOP conference series: Earth and environmental science, 553, 012045-012050.

Alagawany, M., El-Saadony, M., Elnesr, S., Farahat, M., Attia, G., Madkour, M., & Reda, F. (2021). Use of lemongrass essential oil as a feed additive in quail’s nutrition: Its effect on growth, carcass, blood biochemistry, antioxidant and immunological indices, digestive enzymes and intestinal microbiota. Poultry science, 100, 101172-101179.