安姆氏檢測法評估台灣自來水中有機汙染物之致變異性

Evaluation the mutation of organic pollutants in tap water by Ames test method in Taiwan

詹淑琴(Shu-chin Jan)

指導教授 ： 王順成

朝陽科技大學/理工學院/環境工程與管理系/碩士(2010年)

摘要

水是人體很重要組成之成分，而在台灣每人每日均飲用經由淨水場處理後之水。因此，自來水淨水場之處理過程愈顯重要。一般自來水之淨水場處理過程中均利用加氯消毒，以去除絕大部分之毒性物質，並抑制致病菌的產生。唯加氯消毒會使氯與水中天然有機物結合，形成加氯消毒副產物（Disinfection by products, DBPs）如三鹵甲烷（Trihalomethanes, THMs）與鹵乙酸（Haloacetic acids, HAAs）等；而水源中的毒性物質尚含有不易在環境中分解之環境荷爾蒙（Environmental Hormones, EHs）如雙酚A、壬基酚等，對人體及生態環境的影響十分重要，為確保自來水飲用安全，加強飲用水安全檢驗為必要之手段。
本研究目的為利用安姆氏檢測法（Ames test）之遺傳致變異性特性輔以化學法來檢測台灣四個自來水廠之原水及清水之致變異性，同時檢測三鹵甲烷、鹵乙酸及環境荷爾蒙類雙酚A及壬基酚之標準品之致變異性，做為與原水及清水檢驗時所含毒性物質相互比較對照之基礎。
結果顯示不添加肝臟活化酵素（S9）之下，鹵乙酸致變異性較三鹵甲烷及雙酚A及壬基酚高且敏感，而其中溴化鹵乙酸之致變異性又較三鹵甲烷敏感度高，且氯乙酸經肝臟活化酵素後濃度在1000-1700 μg/plate，顯示具致變異性；雙酚A、壬基酚顯示無致變異性現象。
化學分析台灣四自來水廠之原水與清水中三鹵甲烷及鹵乙酸含量皆符合飲用水標準，化學分析各自來水廠原水加氯消毒副產物成分以三鹵甲烷含量最高，其次為鹵乙酸，含量最低為雙酚A、壬基酚。利用安姆氏檢測之菌株TA98及TA100檢測台灣四自來水廠原水及清水之回復突變菌落數之致變異性均無明顯致變異性。研究顯示台灣各自來水廠在枯、豐水期，以Ames test方法測試結果顯示其水質生物安全性高。

關鍵字

安姆氏檢測法 ； 環境荷爾蒙 ； 消毒副產物 ； 自來水

並列摘要

Water is a very important component of human body. People use every day by using treatment with water treatment plant. Therefore, the process at water treatment plant was increasingly important. In general, water treatment plant used the chlorination to remove most of toxic substance. It could inhibit production of most pathogens. But the chlorination usually combined with natural organic matter to form the toxic substance in water treatment process. These chlorination disinfection by products （DBPs） such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids always formed. The toxic substances in water, such as environmental hormones （Biphenol A and Nonylphenol）, it could not decomposed in environment also formed in the treatment water. Therefore, government analyzed the effect of these toxic substances to human body and environment and ensured the safety of tap water.
The purpose of this research was using Ames test of the characteristic of the genetic mutagenesis and chemical test together to assay the biotoxicity and component of these toxic substances. The technical grade of trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, Biphenol A and Nonylphenol also were tested in Ames test as standards for the advance study at raw and purified water of four water treatment plant.
Results showed that the mutagenesis of haloacetic acids were sensitive more than Biphenol A and Nonylphenol without S9 fraction in Ames test. The mutagenesis of brominated haloacetic acids was sensitive more than trihalomethanes and Biphenol A and Nonylphenol. The chloroacetic had obviously showed mutagenesis in added S9 fraction at the concentration between 1000 and 1700 μg/plate. This assay showed that Biphenol A and Nonylphenol had not mutagenesis.
The concentration of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids were conformed to drinking water standard by chemical analysis in raw water and treated water. The highest ingredient of chlorination disinfection by products in the raw water by using chemical assay was trihalomethanes. The second was haloacetic acids, and the last was Biphenol A and Nonylphenol. Furthermore, the bioassay was no reverse mutagenicity in Ames test strains TA98 and TA100 of reverse mutation colony. So, compared with the standard of trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids and Biphenol A and Nonylphenol were no significant difference. The present research showed that the results of Ames test in water quality were high safety in dry season and flood season in four different water treatment plants in Taiwan.

並列關鍵字

environmental hormones ； disinfection by products ； tap water ； Ames test

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