普通地上權之研究─以新法修正為中心

「法律現代化」為法務部近年來施政主軸之一，而民法物權編係規範財貨歸屬秩序之法律，其在國家經濟發展居樞紐地位，自應配合社會結構、經濟型態及人民生活觀念，以賡續推動建構完整民事法律體系，兼顧最新學說與實務見解之發展需求，以達物盡其用及永續利用之理想。是故，法務部乃召集專家、學者組成專案小組開會檢討修正民法物權編，並將用益物權及占有部分，適時檢討修正。其中，就地上權修正而言，修正幅度不可謂不大，由於世界人口急速成長以及大量往城市集中，平面化的土地所有早已呈現不足與恐慌的局面，此種事實在人類社會生活趨於多元化，以及科學技術，特別是土木、建築等方面一再突破、革新的誘導下，遂使土地所有與土地利用不得不走向往垂直性格的空間發展。本於此，民法針對地上權修正時，將之分為「普通地上權」與「區分地上權」二種型態，然本文於此僅就「普通地上權」做研究與探討。在民法規定的四種用益物權中，以地上權最為重要：其一，設定地上權登記件數最多；其二，地上權係用益物權的典型，其若干規定得準用於農育權〈第八百五十條之九〉、不動產役權〈第八百五十九條之一、之二〉及典權〈第九百二十四條之二的三項、第九百二十七條第二項〉，可見地上權之重要性有別於其他三種用益物權。本文之研究目的，目的在探討修正後有關地上權規定是否妥適？是否符合人民情感等問題，並採用歷史、邏輯和比較法學的方法，結合圖示，針對目前新法施行中出現的問題進行了若干探討，主要是希望針對目前新地上權法有不足或疏漏之部分，能提出建言並期待未來修法能讓普通地上權規定更臻完善。

關鍵字

普通地上權；法定地上權；農育權；典權

並列摘要

“Law modernized” has been the main program of policy execution for our Ministry of Justice in recent years. Chapter of property in civil law is the law to regulate the order of property ownership. It is at a key position for nation’s economic development. Therefore, the law must conform to social structure, economic style and people’s living concept so as to promote and set up a complete system of civil law. In this way, the law can also meet the developing requirement of newest theories and the practice, and reaches an ideal of “making the best of everything” and “sustainable use”. Therefore, Ministry of Justice assembled specialists and scholars to organize a special panel to hold meetings to review and amend the chapter of property right in civil law, and also to timely review and amend usufructuary right and occupation right. For amending the superficies, the amending range cannot be regarded as small. Due to quick expansion of world population and population concentration in metropolis, the land surface has become shortage and in a panic demand since long past. This fact results in a vertical development of land ownership and land use after human social life becomes diversified, and the scientific technology has breakthrough and renovation again and again, especially on civil engineering and architecture. Therefore, the amendment of civil law on superficies is divided into general superficies and divided superficies, two types. This article just researches and probes general superficies. Among the four kinds of usufructuary rights in Civil Law, the superficies is the most important because of (1) The collateral of superficies has the most register caseloads, and (2) The superficies is a typical right of usufructuary. Some of these rights are applicable to the agricultural right (Article 850-9), the servitude of real property (Article 859-1 and 859-2) and the dian (Paragraph 3 of Article 924-2 and Paragraph 2 of Article 927). It is thus evident that the importance of the superficies is different from other three kinds of usufructuary rights. The research purpose of this essay was to probe if the regulations associated with the superficies were proper and answered people’s anticipation after amendment. History, logic and comparative jurisprudence were employed, and incorporated with illustrations. Then, several probes into the problems, which appeared after enforcing the new regulations, were made. The main purpose was to give some suggestions on the incompleteness or the neglect associated with the present new regulation of superficies, and to hope that the general superficies would be more perfect after future law amendment.