一般性犯罪理論犯罪多樣化概念之驗證：以各類型犯罪人在監負向行為之分析為例

A Study on the Criminal Versatility of Self-Control Theory

楊士隆(Shu-Lung Yang) ； 鄧煌發(Hwang-Fa Teng)

《犯罪學期刊》 2期 (1996/12) Pp. 49-77

https://doi.org/10.29607/ZHWHGX.199612.0003

摘要

犯罪學學者Gottfredson與Hirschi結合犯罪古典學派原理與自我控制概念，創立了一般性犯罪理（a general theory of crime），該理論核心強調犯罪行為與其他偏差行為、意外事故，甚至一般負向行為，均同源自於低自我控制（low self-control）之結果，且犯罪（偏差）行為具有多樣化（versatility）與穩定性（stability）等特性，在解釋犯罪行為時，跳脫傳統之生物、心理、社會理論主張，是當代極受爭議之超大型理論。為瞭解該理論在我國之類推能力與適應性，本研究針對該理論犯罪多樣化之主張，以作者於1995年期間主持、參與行政院國家科學委員會「監獄受刑人擁擠問題之實證研究」所得之1,155名受刑人自陳報告原始問卷資料，重新予以定義，運用相關分析暨變異數分析兩種統計方法，冀從不同角度切入研究主題，以檢驗探討該理論犯罪多樣化之主張是否獲得支持。研究結果發現，犯罪之多樣化在暴力與財產犯罪人方面得到部份之支持；而各犯罪類型之受刑人在監服刑之各項負向行為卻有顯著之差異存在；犯罪人多樣化之負向行為，受其所觸犯之犯罪類型影響甚鉅，「犯罪類型」乃影響其負向行為差異之關鍵。因此，本研究之發現與Gottfredson與Hirschi之一般性犯罪理論論述大部份未盡相符。證實絕大部分之犯罪（負向、偏差）行為並無法互通。故在現階段之犯罪學實證研究仍應有犯罪類型之分別，如斯對犯罪學學術發展方具正面、實質之貢獻。

並列摘要

By integrating the Classical school's views on criminal behavior, routine activity approach and their former social bonding theory, Gottfredson and Hirschi invented a new but great grand theory, named self-control theory. Theory contends that the result of a person's low self-control, his criminal/delinquent behavior, accident, and other negative behavior will be occurred incidentally. Low self-control is the only main factor to push a mankind to commit a crime. Besides, the general theory of crime supports the idea that the offender commits all kinds of crime, and other negative behavior, such as scold with others, violence to others, being victimized by others then, they called this criminal versatility. The purpose of the study is then to re-examine Gottfredson and Hirschi's viewpoint. Using self-reported data from a random sample of 1,155 inmates, the study concludes: firstly, Gottfredson and Hirschi's versatility hypothesis of crime was not fully supported by the data, especially for criminal addicts. Secondly, typology for criminal behavior should be maintained for the current state of criminological research.