阮籍生死觀研究

Research on Juan Chi's Theory on Life and Death

蘇慧萍(Hui-Ping Su)

《玄奘人文學報》 6期 (2006/02) Pp. 1-31

https://doi.org/10.29956/HCHJ.200602.0001

摘要

本文論述之主要目的，在於探討魏晉竹林時期阮籍生死觀之意涵所在，而前循漢代由董仲舒所建立的天人感應之天命觀，在東漢被王充、王符等學者不斷的質疑與批判後，繼之而起的，是王充等人所建立爲人所不能盡知與改變的自然無爲之天命觀，而魏晉道家面對生死問題的人生態度，即是隨順此自然的生死觀而加以開展。基於此生死深層意識的探討，筆者欲以阮籍生死觀之思想，爲研究此一專題的重要精神所在與本篇研究的主要範圍，故本文在論述脈絡上，嘗試先以阮籍對老、莊的嚮往與重視爲要，並藉此標舉道家的「自然」觀對阮籍思想的影響，其分殊的脈絡，一者說明人們違反自然所面臨的災禍，在於不斷追逐外在的同時，亦失其貞定的生命意義；二者說明順應自然對於生死的效驗，阮籍以理想士人之「聖人」、「大人」、「真人」、「至人」，說明理想士人其生能「養性延壽，與自然齊光」，死能依循自然循環之理，回歸自然，不消不虧，心氣平治，故潛身無爲，依於自然之本，而後達致「逍遙以終生」之至高境界，此當是阮籍生死觀至高境界的呈現。故整篇論文的義理間架，即是以「自然」爲思維主體，抉發出其通透生死，進而成就「理想士人」境界之可能。

關鍵字

道家 ； 魏晉 ； 竹林 ； 阮籍 ； 生死觀

並列摘要

The main purpose of this thesis was to discuss the meanings of Juan Chi's theory on life and death during the period of Bamboo Grove in Wei and Chin Dynasties. Looking back into the past, the theory of destiny based on the interaction between human and universe created by Tung, Chung-Shu in Han Dynasty was heavily challenged and criticized by some scholars like Wang Chung and Wang Fu in East Han Dynasty, and then, Wang Chung et al created the theory of destiny based on mysterious and unchangeable natural inaction, and the Taoists in Wei and Chin Dynasties developed their views on life and death with this natural theory on life and death. In this discussion on the inner meanings of life and death, I would like to take Juan Chi's theory on life and death as the main object and scope of this research. Therefore, this thesis emphasized Juan Chi's respect and great attention to Laotzu and Chuangtzu so as to show the influence of Taoistic views of nature on Juan Chi's thoughts. Then, this thesis elaborated on this topic from the following points: firstly, to show the disasters that the human beings have to face for their violation of laws of nature and to show that the human beings lose the faithful meanings of life while they were pursuing external materials; secondly, to show the effect of compliance with the nature on life and death. Juan Chi made use of ”sage being”, ”generous being”, ”pure being” and ”sacred being” of ideal scholar to show that the ideal scholar could ”mould his temperament, prolong his life and comply with the nature” in his lifetime, and could return to the nature and soften his spirit in conformity to the law of nature after death. Therefore, ”happy for ever” through inaction and compliance with the nature was the desired embodiment of Juan Chi's theory on life and death. In short, this thesis was constructed by the ”nature” that ushered in the possibility of forging an ”ideal scholar” by seeing through life and death.

並列關鍵字

Taoism ； Wei and Chin Dynasties ； Bamboo Grove ； Juan Chi ； theory on life and death