我國利益團體遊說活動與遊說法之研究

A study on the lobbying activities of interest groups and the Lobbying Act in Taiwan

謝雅玲(Ya-Ling Hsieh)

指導教授 ： 邱榮舉

國立臺灣大學/社會科學院/國家發展研究所/碩士(2008年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2008.02689

摘要

隨著我國民主政治的開展，社會漸趨多元化，利益團體興起乃必然之勢。各個利益團體為了爭取自身的權利，必定會善盡各種資源和力量遊說行政和立法部門，這是民主政治的體現，影響所及卻是利弊交織。一旦利益團體將其所代表的私益凌駕於公益之上時，就會破壞社會的公平正義，因此對於利益團體的遊說活動，亟應予以合理規範。

然而遊說法是所有陽光法案中立法困難度最高的，全世界也僅有美國和加拿大有相關立法。美國自1946 年第一部聯邦遊說管理法施行以來，歷經多次相關的法律沿革，並且有豐富的施行經驗。因之，無論是在利益團體的發展上或是遊說活動的立法規範上，都較其他國家更為完整和先進，也是我國主要的仿效對象。我國遊說法在歷時十八年後，終於在民意和選舉的壓力下，於2007 年7 月三讀通過。然而，這部法律不但欠缺實證經驗，甚至還有諸多疑義。

因此，本研究主要借鏡於美國的立法和施行經驗，探究兩國遊說文化和遊說規範的差異，以了解我國遊說法還有哪些缺漏之處，以及遊說法施行後會產生哪些正負面影響，是否能夠就此為我國的政治環境帶來改革的希望。本研究認為：我國遊說法的立法方向錯誤，給予「被遊說者」給過多的權限，不但無法革除利益輸送之弊端，甚至可能會壓縮弱勢團體的處境。因此，政府除了要鼓勵利益團體的自我成熟發展外，更應該強化與利益團體體制內的溝通管道。此外，我國在陽光法案方面立法過於跳躍，遊說法要有效施行仍有待其他相關法案的建置與配合。最後，希望藉由本研究結果提供相關單位修法參考之依據，讓遊說法能夠確實發揮實質效用，而不是僅流於形式。

關鍵字

利益團體 ； 遊說遊說法 ； 決策 ； 陽光法案

並列摘要

While Taiwan marches towards a democratic country and a diversified society, it is natural to come across the boom of interest groups. To secure their rights, each interest
group commits its resources to lobbying the executive and legislative branches of the government. This is the demonstration of democracy, but its influences can be
benefiting and damaging. Once the private interests of interest groups outweigh public interests, social justice is not protected. Subsequently, reasonable regulations shall be established for the lobbying activities of interest groups.

It is however challenging and difficult for legislatures to pass lobbying act, in comparison with other sunshine laws. The US and Canada mark as the only countries in
the world that have relevant acts. The US has enforced its first Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act since 1946, been through legal reforms, and obtained abundant
enforcement experiences. The US therefore has a more complete and advanced system in terms of the development of interest groups and lobbying regulations, and hence is a
model for Taiwan. Suspended for 18 years, Taiwan’s Lobbying Act was passed in July 2007 due to the pressure from the public and the coming election. Taiwan nevertheless lacks empirical experiences in this regard, and the Lobbying Act accommodates too much controversies.

This research describes the difference between Taiwan and the US in the regards of lobbying cultures and regulations. Based on the legislative and enforcement experiences of the US, the research introduces the deficiency of Taiwan’s Lobbying Act, the positive
and negative influences of the enforcement of the Act, and concludes if the Act will bring hope to Taiwan’s political reforms. This research holds the view that Taiwan’s Lobbying Act has a wrong direction because the “lobbied parties” are given too much authorities. The malpractices of bribery and grafts will not be stopped or prevented, and minority groups may be ignored or excluded. The government, on the other hand, shall encourage the mature development of interest group while improving its communicative channels with interest groups. Taiwan has not had a complete series of sunshine laws, and the effective enforcement of the Lobbying Act requires the formulation and support of other acts. In closing, it is expected that related authorities will refer to the research when amending or revising the laws in the future so that the Lobbying Act will have substantive effects instead of formal existence.

並列關鍵字

Interest Group ； Lobby ； Lobbying Act ； Decision ； Sunshine Act

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