蔣介石與聯俄政策之再思

中、西方史家常因歷史後見之明或政治因素的影響，對於蔣介石的評價幾呈兩極。兩岸史家倒是有一個共同的看法，那就是都認爲1923年蔣介石遊俄歸來之後，即對未來中俄關係充滿疑慮，甚至積極反對聯俄政策。如果我們對照史料，會發現過去的研究是將這段歷史過度簡化了。筆者認爲研究蔣介石對聯俄政策的態度，不應該是一種黑白分明、截然二分的詮釋，而應該承認這中間有個比較模糊的灰色地帶。本文試圖呈現的蔣介石既不是一個反共的先知先覺者，也不是表裡不一的反共陰謀家，而是一個認同蘇聯革命的某些理念，卻又對其實際作爲有所保留的國民黨員，北伐初期一貫支持孫逸仙的聯俄政策。如果我們能從一個人的角度，而不是非聖即魔的兩極化角度，來研究蔣介石，來看他在歷史過程中所扮演的角色，或許能看出一個比較複雜、全面的歷史圖像。

關鍵字

蔣介石；共產國際；聯俄政策；世界革命；國民黨

並列摘要

Due to the influence of the hindsight and politics, historians in the West, the Mainland China and Taiwan have had polar opinions of Jiang Jieshi: often either completely negative or completely positive. Yet, there is a ”consensus” among historians on both sides of Taiwan Strait. They all believe that after Jiang Jieshi's visit of the Soviet Union in 1923, he was worried about the future of Sino-Soviet relations. Many even agree that he actively opposed the policy of alliance with the Soviet Union. Having tested these assertions against available new materials on this subject, we find that past research has over-simplified this part of history, which, in reality, exists a gray area. Jiang Jieshi was not an anti-communist prophet, nor a double-faced anti-communist intriguer. Rather, he was a loyal member of the Nationalist Party (Guomindang) who identified with certain aspects of the Soviet revolution but who also had some serious reservations about that revolution. In fact, in the early period of the Northern Expedition, he consistently supported Sun Yat-sen's policy of allying with the Soviet Union. We must study hang Jieshi as a human being, not as a saint nor a demon, in order to understand his true place in China's history. This perspective in combination with newly available materials, should provide an opportunity to gain a better understanding of Jiang Jieshi and of the early Sino-Soviet relations.