包天笑與民初「教育小說」概念的建構－以「日文中譯」為視角的考察

Bao Tianxiao and the Construction of "Educational Novel" through His Translation of Japanese Novels

陳宏淑(Hung-Shu Chen)

《翻譯學研究集刊》 16輯 (2013/11) Pp. 1-15

摘要

晚清時期豐富的西方小說翻譯至中國，眾多文人志士投入翻譯小說的行列，不僅將小說從原本文學系統中的邊緣移至中心，也引進了許多中國文學過去沒有的文類，教育小說便為其一。包天笑是當時譯介教育小說的重要譯家，他翻譯了許多教育小說，隨著教育期刊的發行，此新文類在中國逐漸形成。然而，他的教育小說大多是從日文小說翻譯而成，因此他對題材的選擇，翻案或翻譯的手法，文類的命名等等，受到日本教育小說的影響可想而知。本研究比對了包天笑的譯文與其源文，觀察包天笑在此影響下如何建構出民初教育小說的兩個重要概念：完美的教師形象與濃厚的教育思想。包天笑藉由將教師角色悲情化，塑造典型的完美聖人，再藉人物之口，傳達現代化的教育思想。以教師這種特殊對象為主體，且透過其品德言行教化大眾，這類傾向使源自日本而在中國形成的教育小說，有別於西方源自德國Bildungsroman的教育成長小說。而這種以教師形象或學校生活為描寫主軸的特質，也明顯體現在民國之後葉聖陶的教育小說中。本研究發現，葉聖陶的長篇教育小說《倪煥之》與包天笑翻譯的《馨兒就學記》及《埋石棄石記》有不少相似之處，這些相似之處指出了這類教育小說概念的延續，也點出這種文類譯介至中國後的衍變。

關鍵字

教育小說 ； 包天笑 ； 葉聖陶

並列摘要

In the late Qing Dynasty, an abundance of Western novels were translated in China. Many intellectuals started to be engaged in translating novels, which were thereby moved from the peripheral position to the central position within the literary system. Thanks to their efforts, some new genres were introduced into Chinese literature, among which was Educational Novel. As one of the most important translators at that time, Bao Tianxiao rendered plenty of educational novels, which were becoming popular with the publication of educational journals. His educational novels, however, were mostly translated from Japanese ones. Therefore, it is deducible that his selection of books, translation or adaptation skills, and naming of this new genre, were greatly influenced by Japanese novels, including the ones written by Japanese writers and the ones translated by Japanese translators.This study attempts to compare Bao's translation and its source text and then observe how he constructs two major ideas for the educational novels in the early Republic: the image of a perfect teacher and the strong pedagogic discourse. Bao tries to make the teacher look tragic and almost as perfect as a saint. Through the character's monologues and dialogues, the modern pedagogic discourse is manifested. Using a teacher as the main character and trying to educate the public through the character's high morals make Chinese Educational Novel different from Bildungsroman, which were stretched from Germany to various Western countries. This special feature, focusing on a teacher's perfect image and describing school life, is also noticeable in the educational novels written by Ye Shengtao. This prominent author's ”Ni Huanzhi” has been one of his most praised fictions. It shares many similarities with the educational novels translated by Bao Tianxiao. These similarities reflect the strong influence of the concepts implied in Bao's translation and also demonstrate this new genre's evolution after it was translated into a Chinese version.

並列關鍵字

Educational Novel ； Bao Tianxiao ； Ye Shengtao

參考文獻

陳宏淑(2012)。身世之謎：《苦兒流浪記》翻譯始末。編譯論叢。5(1)，159-182。

陳宏淑(2010)。譯者的操縱：從Cuore 到《馨兒就學記》(博士論文)。國立台灣師範大學翻譯研究所。

陳宏淑(2012)。明治與晚清翻譯小說的譯者意識：以菊池幽芳與包天笑為例。中國文哲研究通訊。22(1)，3-20。

梅家玲(2006)。包天笑與清末民初的教育小說。中外文學。35(1)，155-183。

小泉又一（1907）。はしがき。《棄石》（頁1-4）。東京：同文館。